The Copyright Ordinance, 1962 (Ordinance No. XXXIV of 1962)، باكستان

Meaning of Copyright

3.—(1) For the purposes of this Ordinance, “copyright” means the exclusive right, by virtue of, and subject to the provisions of, this Ordinance,—

(a) in the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, to do and authorize the doing of any of the following acts, namely:

(i) to reproduce the work in any material form;

(ii) to publish the work;

(iii) to perform the work in public;

(iv) to produce, reproduce, perform or publish any translation of the work;

(v) to use the work in a cinematographic work or make a record in respect of the work;

(vi) to broadcast the work, or to communicate the broadcast of the work to the public by a loudspeaker or any other similar instrument;

(vii) to make any adaptation of the work;

(viii) to do in relation to a translation or an adaptation of the work any of the acts specified in relation to the work in sub-clauses (i) to (vi);

(ix) to authorize the rental of computer programmes;

(b) in the case of an artistic work, to do or authorize the doing of any of the following acts, namely:

(i) to reproduce the work in any material form;

(ii) to publish the work;

(iii) to use the work in a cinematographic work;

(iv) to show the work in television;

(v) to make any adaptation of the work;

(vi) to do in relation to an adaptation of the work any of the acts specified in relation to the work in sub-clauses (i) to (iv);

(c) in the case of a cinematographic work, to do or authorize the doing of any of the following acts, namely:

(i) to make copy of the work;

(ii) to cause the work in so far as it consists of visual images, to be seen in public and, in so far as it consists of sounds, to be heard in public;

(iii) to make any record embodying the recording in any part of the sound track associated with the work by utilizing such sound track;

(iv) to broadcast the work;

(v) to authorize the rental of cinematographic works;

(d) in the case of a record, to do or authorize the doing of any of the following acts by utilizing the record, namely:

(i) to make any other record embodying the same recording;

(ii) to use the record in the sound track of a cinematographic work;

(iii) to cause the recording embodied in the record to be heard in public;

(iv) to communicate the recording embodied in the record by broadcast.

(2) Any reference in subsection (1) to the doing of any act in relation to a work or a translation or an adaptation thereof shall include a reference to the doing of that act in relation to a part thereof.

(3) Entitlement to copyright in compilation of data or other material shall not extend to data or other material itself and shall be without prejudice to any copyright subsisting in the data or other material, that is to say, the copyright shall subsist to the extent of compilation only.

Meaning of Publication

4.—(1) For the purposes of this Ordinance, “publication” means,—

(a) in the case of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, the issue of copies of the work to the public in sufficient quantities;

(b) in the case of a cinematographic work, the sale or hire or offer for sale or hire of the work or copies thereof to the public;

(c) in the case of a record, the issue of records to the public in sufficient quantities; but does not, except as otherwise expressly provided in this Ordinance, include,—

(i) in the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, the issue of any records recording such work;

(ii) in the case of a work of sculpture or an architectural work of art, the issue of photographs and engravings of such work.

(2) If any question arises under subsection (1) whether copies of any literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, or records issued to the public are sufficient in quantities, it shall be referred to the Board whose decision thereon shall be final.

When Work not Deemed to be Published or Performed in Public

5. Except for the purposes of infringement of copyright, a work shall not be deemed to be published or performed in public, and a lecture shall not be deemed to be delivered in public, if published, performed in public or delivered in public, without the licence or consent of the owner of the copyright.

When Work Deemed to be First Published in Pakistan

6.—(1) For the purposes of this Ordinance, a work published in Pakistan shall be deemed to be first published in Pakistan, notwithstanding that it has been published simultaneously in some other country, unless such other country provides a shorter term of copyright for such work; and a work shall be deemed to be published simultaneously in Pakistan and in another country if the time between the publication in Pakistan and the publication in such other country does not exceed thirty days.

(2) If any question arises under subsection (1) whether the term of copyright for any work is shorter in any other country than that provided in respect of that work under this Ordinance, it shall be referred to the Board whose decision thereon shall be final.

Nationality of Author where the Making of Unpublished Work is Extended over Considerable Period

7. Where, in the case of an unpublished work, the making of the work is extended over a considerable period, the author of the work shall, for the purposes of this Ordinance, be deemed to be a citizen of, or domiciled in, the country of which he was a citizen or wherein he was domiciled during the major part of that period.

Domicile of Corporations

8. For the purposes of this Ordinance, a body corporate shall be deemed to be domiciled in Pakistan if it is incorporated under any law in force in Pakistan or if it has an established place of business in Pakistan.

Chapter II
Copyright, Ownership of Copyright and the Rights of the Owner

No Copyright Except as Provided in this Ordinance

9. No person shall be entitled to copyright or any similar right in any work, whether published or unpublished, otherwise than under and in accordance with the provisions of this Ordinance, or of any other law for the time being in force, but nothing in this section shall be construed as abrogating any right or jurisdiction to restrain a breach of trust or confidence.

Works in which Copyright Subsists

10.—(1) Subject to the provisions of this section and to the other provisions of this Ordinance, copyright shall subsist throughout Pakistan in the following classes of works, that is to say,

(a) original, literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works;

(b) cinematographic works; and

(c) records.

(2) Copyright shall not subsist in any work specified in subsection (1), other than a work to which the provisions of section 53 or section 54 apply, unless,

(i) in the case of a published work, the work is first published in Pakistan, or where the work is first published outside Pakistan, the author is at the date of such publication, or in a case where the author was dead at that date, was at the time of his death, a citizen of Pakistan or domiciled in Pakistan;

(ii) in the case of an unpublished work other than an architectural work of art, the author is at the date of the making of the work a citizen of Pakistan or domiciled in Pakistan; and

(iii) in the case of an architectural work of art, the work is located in Pakistan.

(3) Copyright shall not subsist,—

(a) in any cinematographic work, if a substantial part of the work is an infringement of the copyright in any other work;

(b) in any record made in respect of a literary, dramatic or musical work, if in making the record, copyright in such work, has been infringed.

(4) The copyright or the lack of copyright in a cinematographic work or a record shall not affect the separate copyright in any work in respect of which or a substantial part of which, the work, or, as the case may be, the record is made.

(5) In the case of an architectural work of art, copyright shall subsist only in the artistic character and design and shall not extend to the processes or methods of construction.

Work of Joint Authors

11. Where, in the case of a work of joint authorship, someone or more of the joint authors do not satisfy the conditions conferring copyright laid down by this Ordinance, the work shall be treated for the purpose of this Ordinance as if the other author or authors had been the sole author or authors thereof:

Provided that the term of the copyright shall be the same as it would have been if all the authors had satisfied such conditions.

Provision as to Designs Registrable under Act II of 1911

12.—(1) Copyright shall not subsist under this Ordinance in any design which is registered under the Patents and Designs Act, 1911 (II of 1911).

(2) Copyright in any design which is capable of being registered under the Patents and Designs Act, 1911 (II of 1911), but which has not been so registered, shall cease as soon as any article to which the design has been applied has been reproduced more than fifty times by an industrial process by the owner of the copyright or, with his licence, by any other person.

First Owner of Copyright

13. Subject to the provisions of this Ordinance, the author of a work shall be the first owner of the copyright therein:

Provided that,

(a) in the case of a literary, dramatic or artistic work made by the author in the course of his employment by the proprietor of a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical under a contract of service or apprenticeship, for the purpose of publication in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical, the said proprietor shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright in the work in so far as the copyright relates to the publication of the work in any newspaper, magazine or similar periodical, or to the reproduction of the work for the purpose of its being so published, but in all other respects the author shall be the first owner of the copyright in the work;

(b) subject to the provisions of clause (a), in the case of a photograph taken, or a painting or portrait drawn, or an engraving or a cinematographic work made, for valuable consideration at the instance of any person, such person shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright therein;

(c) in the case of a work made in the course of the author’s employment under a contract of service or apprenticeship, to which clause (a) or clause (b) does not apply, the employer shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright therein;

(d) in the case of a Government work, Government shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright therein;

(e) in the case of a work to which the provisions of section 53 apply, the international organization concerned shall be the first owner of the copyright therein.

Assignment of Copyright

14.—(1) The owner of the copyright in an existing work or the prospective owner of the copyright in a future work may assign to any person the copyright either wholly or partially and either generally or subject to limitations and either for the whole term of the copyright or any part thereof;

Provided that, in the case of the assignment of copyright in any future work, the assignment shall take effect only when the work comes into existence:

Provided further that, where the owner of the copyright in a work is the author of the work, no assignment of the copyright in the work or of any interest in such copyright shall be made, or if made shall be effective (except where the assignment is made in favour of Government or an educational, charitable, religious or non-profit institution) for a period of more than ten years beginning from the calendar year next following the year in which the assignment is made if an assignment of the copyright in a work is made in contravention of this proviso, the copyright in the work shall, on the expiry of the period specified in this proviso, revert to the author (who may re-assign the copyright in the work subject to the provisions therein contained), or if the author be dead to his representatives in interest:

Provided further that the copyright in an unpublished work assigned by its author to any person or organization for the specific purpose of its publication shall revert to the author if such work is not published within a period of three years from the date of its assignment.

(2) Where the assignee of a copyright becomes entitled to any right comprised in the copyright, the assignee as respects the rights so assigned, and the assignor as respects the rights not assigned, shall be treated for the purposes of this Ordinance as the owner of copyright and the provisions of this Ordinance shall have effect accordingly.

(2A) If the owner of a copyright, or the publisher to whom such right has been assigned, considers any of the terms of the assignment to be likely to affect his interests adversely, he may within one year of such assignment apply to the Board to consider such term and the Board may after hearing both the parties, pass such order as it may deem fit; and the order of the Board shall be binding on both the parties.

(3) In this section, the expression “assignee” as respects the assignment of the copyright in any future work includes the legal representatives of the assignee, if the assignee dies before the work comes into existence.

Mode of Assignment

15. No assignment of the copyright in any work shall be valid unless it is in writing signed by the assignor or by his duly authorized agent.

Transmission of Copyright in Manuscript by Testamentary Disposition

16. Where under a bequest a person is entitled to the manuscript of a literary, dramatic or musical work, or to an artistic work, and the work was not published before the death of the testator, the bequest shall, unless the contrary intention is indicated in the testator’s will or any codicil thereto, be construed as including the copyright in the work in so far as the testator was the owner of the copyright immediately before his death.

Right of Owner to Relinquish Copyright

17.—(1) The owner of the copyright in a work may relinquish all or any of the rights comprised in the copyright by giving notice in the prescribed form to the Registrar and thereupon such rights shall, subject to the provisions of subsection (3), cease to exist from the date of the notice.

(2) On receipt of a notice under subsection (1), the Registrar shall cause it to be published in the official Gazette and in such other manner as he may deem fit.

(3) The relinquishment of all or any of the rights comprised in the copyright in a work shall not affect any rights subsisting in favour of any person on the date of the notice referred to in subsection (1).

Chapter III
Term of Copyright

Term of Copyright in Published Literary, Dramatic, Musical and Artistic Works

18. Except as otherwise hereinafter provided, copyright shall subsist in any literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work (other than a photograph) published within the lifetime of the author until fifty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the author dies.

Explanation.—In this section, the reference to the author shall, in the case of a work of joint authorship, be construed as a reference to the author who dies last.

Term of Copyright in Posthumous Work

19.—(1) In the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work or an engraving, in which copyright subsists at date of the death of the author or, in the case of any such work of joint authorship, at or immediately before the date of the death of the author who dies last, but which or any adaptation of which, has not been published before that date, copyright shall subsist until fifty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the work is first published or, where an adaptation of the work is published in any earlier year, from the beginning of the calendar year next following that year.

(2) For the purposes of this section, a literary, dramatic or musical work or an adaptation of any such work shall be deemed to have been published, if it has been performed in public or if any records made in respect of the work have been sold, or offered for sale, to the public.

Term of Copyright in Cinematographic Works, Records and Photographs

20.—(1) In the case of a cinematographic work, copyright shall subsist until fifty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the work is published.

(2) In the case of a record, copyright shall subsist until fifty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the record is published.

(3) In the case of a photograph, copyright shall subsist until fifty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the photograph is published.

Term of Copyright in Anonymous and Pseudonymous Work

21.—(1) In the case of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work (other than a photograph), which is published anonymously or pseudonymously, copyright shall subsist until fifty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the work is first published:

Provided that, where the identity of the author is disclosed before the expiry of the said period, copyright shall subsist until fifty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the author dies.

(2) In subsection (1), references to the author shall, in the case of an anonymous work of joint authorship be construed,—

(a) where the identity of one of the authors is disclosed as references to that author;

(b) where the identity of more authors than one is disclosed, as references to the author who dies last from amongst such authors.

(3) In subsection (1), references to the author shall, in the case of a pseudonymous work of joint authorship, be construed,—

(a) where the names of one or more (but not all) of the authors are pseudonyms and his or their identity is not disclosed, as references to the author whose name is not a pseudonym, or, if the names of two or more of the authors are not pseudonyms, as references to such one of those authors who dies last;

(b) where the names of one or more (but not all) of the authors are pseudonyms and the identity of one or more of them is disclosed, as references to the author who dies last from amongst the authors whose names are not pseudonyms and the authors whose names are pseudonyms and are disclosed; and

(c) where the names of all the authors are pseudonyms and the identity of one of them is disclosed, as references to the author whose identity is disclosed or, if the identity of two or more of such authors is disclosed, as references to such one of those authors who dies last.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, the identity of an author shall be deemed to have been disclosed, if either the identity of the author is disclosed publicly by both the author and the publisher or is otherwise established to the satisfaction of the Board by that author.

Term of Copyright in Government Works and in Works of International Organizations

22.—(1) Copyright in a Government work shall, where Government is the first owner of the copyright therein, subsist until fifty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the work is first published.

(2) In the case of a work of an international organization to which the provisions of section 53 apply, copyright shall subsist until fifty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the work is first published.

Term of Copyright in Unpublished Work

23.—(1) If a work, whose author’s identity is known, is not published posthumously within fifty years after the death of the author, such work shall fall into the public domain after fifty years from the beginning of the calendar years next following the year in which the author dies.

(2) If a work, whose author’s identity is not known, is not published within fifty years of its creation, such work shall fall into the public domain after fifty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the work is created.

Chapter IV
Rights of Broadcasting Organizations, Performers and
Producers of Phonograms (Sound Recording)

Rights of Broadcasting Organizations

24.—(1) Broadcasting organizations shall enjoy the right to authorize:—

(a) the rebroadcasting of their broadcasts;

(b) the fixation of their broadcasts; and

(c) the copying of fixations made of their broadcasts.

(2) This right shall subsist until twenty-five years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the broadcast took place.

Rights of Performers and Producers of Phonograms (Sound Recording)

24A.—(1) The performers shall have the right to do or to prevent fixation of their unfixed performance and reproduction of such fixation and broadcasting by wireless means and communication to the public of their live performance.

(2) The producers of phonograms shall have the right to do or to prohibit the direct or the indirect reproduction of their fixation and any rental thereof.

(3) The rights specified in subsections (1) and (2) shall subsist for a period of fifty years computed from the end of the calendar year in which fixation was made or performance took place.

Application of Other Provisions of this Ordinance to Broadcasting, Performers and Producers of Phonograms

25. Any person who, without authorization of the broadcasting organization, performers and producers of phonograms (sound recording) does or causes the doing of any of the acts referred to in sections 24 and 24A, shall be deemed to infringe the rights of the broadcasting organization, performers and producers of phonograms (sound recording) and the provisions contained in Chapters XII to XVI shall, within the limits permitted by the nature of the matter, apply to broadcasting organization, performers and producers of phonograms (sound recording) as if they were authors and works, respectively.

Definitions

26.—(a) “broadcasting” means communication to the public of sound or images or both by means of radio-diffusion, including communication by telecast, or wire, or by both, or any other means of communication;

(b) “fixation” means the incorporation of sounds or images or both in a device by means of which they can later be made aurally or visually perceivable;

(c) “phonogram” means any exclusively aural fixation of sounds of a performance or of other sounds;

(d) “producer of phonogram” means a person who, or the legal entity which, fixes the sounds of a performance or other sounds;

(e) “rebroadcasting” means the simultaneous broadcasting by one broadcasting organization of the broadcast of another broadcasting organization.

Other Rights not Affected

27. For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that the rights conferred upon broadcasting organizations shall not affect the copyright in any literary, dramatic, musical, artistic or cinematographic work, or in any record used in the broadcast.

Chapter V
Rights in Published Editions of Works

Protection of Typography and Term of Protection

28. The publisher of an edition of a work shall enjoy the right to authorize the making, by any photographic or similar process, of copies, intended for sale in commerce, of the typographical arrangement of the edition, and such right shall subsist until twenty-five years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the edition was first published.

Infringements, etc.

29. Any person who, without the authorization of the publisher, makes or causes the making of, by any photographic or similar process, copies, intended for sale in commerce, of the typographical arrangement of the edition or any substantial part thereof, shall be deemed to infringe the rights of the publisher, and the provisions contained in Chapters XII to XVI shall, within the limits permitted by the nature of the matter, apply to the publisher and the typographical arrangements of editions as if they were authors and works respectively.

Explanation.—“Typographical arrangement” shall include calligraphy.

Relations to Copyright

30. For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that subject to the provisions of subsection (2A) of section 10 the right conferred upon publishers by this Chapter shall—

(a) subsist irrespective of the question whether the edition is that of a work protected or unprotected by copyright;

(b) not affect the copyright, if any, in the literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work itself.

Chapter VI
Performing Rights Societies

Performing Rights Society to File Statement of Fees, Charges and Royalties

31.—(1) Every performing rights society shall, within the prescribed time and in the prescribed manner, prepare, publish and file with the Registrar, statements of all fees, charges, or royalties which it proposes to collect for the grant of licences for the performance in public of works in respect of which it has authority to grant such licences.

(2) If any such society fails, in relation to any work, to prepare, publish or file with the Registrar the statements referred to in subsection (1) in accordance with the provisions of that subsection, no action or other proceedings to enforce any remedy, civil or criminal, for infringement of the performing rights in that work shall be commenced except with the consent of the Registrar.

Objections Relating to Published Statements

32. Any person having any objections to any fees, charges or royalties or other particulars included in any statement referred to in section 31 may at any time lodge such objections in writing at the Copyright Office.

Determination of Objections

33.—(1) Every objection lodged at the Copyright Office under section 32 shall, as soon as may be, be referred to the Board and the Board shall decide such objection in the manner hereinafter provided.

(2) The Board shall, notwithstanding that no objection has been lodged, take notice of any matter which, in its opinion, is one for objection.

(3) The Board shall give notice in respect of every objection to the performing rights society concerned and shall give to such society and the person who lodged the objection a reasonable opportunity of being heard.

(4) The Board shall, after making the prescribed enquiry, make such alterations in the statements as it may think fit, and shall transmit the statements thus altered or unchanged, as the case may be, to the Registrar, who shall thereupon as soon as practicable after the receipt of such statements, publish them in the official Gazette and furnish the performing rights society concerned and the person who lodged the objection with a copy thereof.

(5) The statements of fees, charges or royalties as approved by the Board shall be the fees, charges or royalties which the performing rights society concerned may respectively lawfully sue for or collect in respect of the issue or grant by it of licences for the performance in public of works to which such fees, charges or royalties relate.

(6) No performing rights society shall have any right of action or any right to enforce any civil or other remedy for infringement of the performing rights in any work claimed by such society against any person who has tendered or paid to such society the fees, charges or royalties which have been approved by the Board as aforesaid.

Existing Rights not Affected

34. Nothing in this Chapter shall be deemed to affect—

(a) any rights or liabilities in relation to the performing rights in work accrued or incurred before the commencement of this Ordinance; and

(b) any legal proceedings in respect of such rights or liabilities pending at such commencement.

Chapter VII
Licences

Licences by Owners of Copyright

35. The owner of the copyright in any existing work or the prospective owner of the copyright in any future work may grant any interest in the copyright by licence in writing signed by him or by his duty authorized agent:

Provided that in the case of a licence relating to copyright in any future work, the licence shall take effect only when the work comes into existence.

Explanation.—When a person to whom a licence relating to copyright in any future work is granted under this section dies before the work comes into existence, his legal representatives shall, in the absence of any provision to the contrary in the licence, be entitled to the benefit of the licence.

Compulsory Licence in Works Withheld from Public

36.—(1) If at any time during the term of copyright in any Pakistani work which has been published or performed in public, an application is made to the Board that the owner of the copyright in the work—

(a) has refused to republish or allow the republication of the work or has refused to allow the performance in public of the work and by reason of such refusal the work is withheld from the public; or

(b) has refused to allow communication to the public by broadcast of such work or, in the case of a record, the work recorded in such record, on terms which the applicant considers reasonable; or

(c) is dead or is unknown or cannot be traced or found and republication of the work is necessary in the public interest; the Board, after giving to the owner of the copyright in the work a reasonable opportunity of being heard and after holding such inquiry as it may deem necessary, may, if it is satisfied that such refusal is not in the public interest, or that the grounds for such refusal are not reasonable or that the owner of the copyright is dead or is unknown or cannot be traced or found and republication of the work is necessary in the public interest, direct the Registrar to grant to the applicant a licence to republish the work, perform the work in public or communicate the work to the public by broadcast, as the case may be, subject to payment to the owner of the copyright of such compensation and subject to such other terms and conditions as the Board may determine; and thereupon the Registrar shall grant the licence to the applicant in accordance with the directions of the Board, on payment of such fee as may be prescribed.

(2) Where two or more persons have made applications under subsection (1), the licence shall be granted to the applicant who, in the opinion of the Board, would best serve the interests of the general public.

(3) The Federal Government or the Board may, upon an application by any governmental or statutory institution, in the public interest, grant a licence to reprint, translate, adapt or publish any textbook on non-profit basis.

Licence to Produce and Publish Translations

37.—(1) Any citizen of Pakistan or a person domiciled in Pakistan may apply to the Board for a licence to produce and publish a translation of a literary or dramatic work in any Pakistani language or a language ordinarily used in Pakistan not being English, French or Spanish.

(2) Every such application shall be made in such form as may be prescribed and shall state the proposed retail price of a copy of the translation of the work.

(3) Every applicant for a licence under this section shall, along with his application, deposit with the Registrar such fee as may be prescribed.

(4) When an application is made to the Board under this section, it may, after holding such inquiry as may be prescribed, direct the Registrar to grant to the applicant a licence, not being an exclusive or transferable licence, to produce and publish a translation of the work in the language mentioned in the application, on condition that the applicant shall pay to the owner of the copyright in the work royalties in respect of copies of the translation of the work sold to the public, calculated at such rate as the Board may, in the circumstances of each case, determine in the prescribed manner:

Provided that no such licence shall be granted, unless—

(a) a translation of the work in the language mentioned in the application has not been published by the owner of the copyright in the work or any person authorized by him within one year of the first publication of the work, or if a translation has been so published, it has been out of print;

(b) the applicant has proved to the satisfaction of the Board that he had requested and had been denied authorization by the owner of the copyright to produce and publish such translation or that he was unable to find the owner of the copyright;

(c) where the applicant is unable to find the owner of the copyright, he had sent a copy of his request for such authorization to the publisher whose name appears from the work, not less than two months before the application for the licence;

(d) the Board is satisfied that the applicant is competent to produce and publish a correct translation of the work and possesses the means to pay to the owner of the copyright the royalties payable to him under this section;

(e) omitted;

(f) an opportunity of being heard is given wherever practicable to the owner of the copyright in the work; and

(g) the Board is satisfied, for reason to be recorded in writing, that the grant of the licence will be in the public interest.

Chapter VIII
Registration of Copyright

Register of Copyrights, Indexes Form and Inspection of Register

38.—(1) The Registrar shall keep at the Copyright Office a register in the prescribed form to be called the Register of Copyrights in which shall be entered the names or titles of works and the names and addresses of authors, publishers and owners of copyright and such other particulars as may be prescribed.

(2) The Registrar shall also keep such indexes of the Register of Copyrights as may be prescribed.

(3) The Register of Copyrights and the indexes thereof kept under this section shall at all reasonable times be open to inspection, and any person shall be entitled to take copies of, or make extracts from, any such register or index on payment of such fee and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed.

Registration of Copyrights

39.—(1) The author or publisher of, or the owner of, or other person interested in copyright in any work, may make an application in the prescribed form accompanied by the prescribed fee to the Registrar for entering particulars of the work in the Register of Copyrights.

(2) On receipt of an application in respect of any work under subsection (1), the Registrar shall enter the particulars of the work in the Register of Copyrights and issue a certificate of such registration to the applicant unless, for reason to be recorded in writing, he considers that such entry should not be made in respect of any work:

Provided that in the case of artistic works the Registrar shall not enter the particulars of the work in the Register of Copyrights and shall not issue a certificate of registration to the applicant unless within one month of the filing of the application, or within such extended time as the Registrar may determine, the applicant has advertised the work itself in a newspaper as may be prescribed, and send two copies thereof to the Registrar and unless wihin one month thereafter, or within such extended time as the Registrar may determine, not exceeding two months, the Registrar has not received any objections to the registration of particulars of the work in the Register of Copyrights.

Registration of Assignments, etc., of Copyrights

40.—(1) Any person interested in the grant of an interest in a copyright, either by assignment or licence, may make an application in the prescribed form, accompanied by the prescribed fee, the original instrument of such grant and a certified copy thereof, to the Registrar for entering the particulars of the grant in the Register of Copyrights.

(2) On receipt of an application in respect of any work under subsection (1), the Registrar shall, after holding such inquiry as he deems fit, enter the particulars of the grant in the Register of Copyrights unless, for reasons to be recorded in writing, he considers that such entry should not be made in respect of any grant.

(3) The certified copy of the grant shall be retained at the Copyright Office and the original shall be returned to the person depositing it, with a certificate of registration endorsed thereon or affixed thereto.

Correction of Entries in the Register of Copyrights and Indexes, etc.

41.—(1) The Registrar may, in the prescribed cases and subject to the prescribed conditions, amend or alter the Register of Copyrights and indexes by—

(a) correcting any error in any name, address or particular; or

(b) correcting any other error which may have arisen therein by accidental slip or omission.

(2) The Board, on application of the Registrar or of any person aggrieved, may order the rectification of the Register of Copyrights by—

(a) the making of any entry wrongly omitted to be made in the Register, or

(b) the expunging of any entry wrongly made in, or remaining on, the Register, or

(c) the correction of any error or defect in the Register.

Register of Copyrights to be prima facie Evidence of Particulars Entered Therein

42.—(1) The Register of Copyrights and the indexes shall be prima facie evidence of the particulars entered therein and documents purporting to be copies of any entry therein or extract therefrom certified by the Registrar and sealed with the seal of the Copyright Office shall be admissible in evidence in all courts without further proof of production of the original.

(2) A certificate of registration of copyright in a work shall be prima facie evidence that copyright subsists in the work and that the person shown in the certificate as the owner of the copyright is the owner of such copyright.

Chapter IX
Copyright Office, Registrar of Copyrights and Copyright Board

Copyright Office

43.—(1) There shall be established for the purposes of this Ordinance an office to be called the Copyright Office.

(2) The Copyright Office shall be under the immediate control of the Registrar of Copyrights who shall act under the superintendence and direction of the Federal Government.

(3) The Copyright Office shall have a seal the impression whereof shall be judicially noticed.

Branch of Copyright Office

43A.—(1) There shall be established for the purpose of facilitating the registration of copyrights, a Branch of the Copyright Office at such place in Pakistan as the Registrar may, with the approval of the Federal Government, determine.

(2) The Branch Office shall discharge such functions of the Copyright Office as may be notified by the Registrar from time to time.

Registrar and Deputy Registrars of Copyrights

44.—(1) The Federal Government shall, for the purposes of this Ordinance, appoint a Registrar of Copyrights and may appoint one or more Deputy Registrars of Copyrights.

(2) The Registrar shall,—

(i) sign all entries made in the Register of Copyrights kept under this Ordinance;

(ii) sign all certificates of registration of copyrights and certified copies under the seal of the Copyright Office;

(iii) exercise the powers conferred and perform the duties imposed upon him by or under this Ordinance;

(iv) be the Secretary of the Copyright Board; and

(v) shall perform such other functions as may be prescribed.

(3) A Deputy Registrar of Copyrights shall discharge, under the superintendence and direction of the Registrar, such functions of the Registrar under this Ordinance as the Registrar may, from time to time, assign to him.

(4) The Registrar may, with the approval of the Federal Government, assign any particular functions of the Registrar under this Ordinance to officers other than the Deputy Registrar of Copyrights.

Copyright Board

45.—(1) The Federal Government shall constitute a Board to be called the Copyright Board consisting of the following members, namely,—

(i) a Chairman appointed by the Federal Government;

(ii) not less than three and not more than five other members appointed by the Federal Government after consultation with the representative bodies of authors, publishers, cinematography industry and any other interest relating to copyright:

Provided that adequate representation on the Board shall, as far as possible, be given to the resident of each Province; and

(iii) the Registrar, ex officio.

(2) The members, including the Chairman of the Board, other than the ex officio member, shall hold office for such period and on such terms and conditions as may be prescribed.

(3) The Chairman shall be a person who is, or has been a Judge of a High Court, or is qualified for appointment as such Judge.

Powers and Procedure of the Board

46.—(1) The Board shall, subject to any rules that may be made under this Ordinance, have power to regulate its own procedure, including the fixing of places and times of its sittings.

(2) If there is a difference of opinion among the members of the Board in respect of any matter coming before it for decision under this Ordinance, the opinion of the majority shall prevail:

Provided that where there is no such majority the opinion of the Chairman shall prevail.

(3) The Board may authorize any of its members to exercise any of its powers under section 78 and any order made or act done in exercise of any such power by the member so authorized shall be deemed to be the order or act, as the case may be, of the Board.

(4) No act done or proceeding taken by the Board under this Ordinance shall be questioned on the ground merely of the existence of any vacancy in, or defect in the constitution, of the Board.

(5) The Board shall be deemed to be a civil Court for the purposes of sections 480 and 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898), and all proceedings before the Board shall be deemed to be judicial proceedings within the meaning of sections 193 and 228 of Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860).

(6) No member of the Board shall take part in any proceedings before the Board in respect of any matter in which he has a personal interest.

Chapter X
Delivery of Books and Newspapers to Public Libraries

Delivery of Books to Public Libraries

47.—(1) Subject to any rules that may be made under this Ordinance, but without prejudice to the provisions contained in section 40 of the Press and Publications Ordinance, 1960 (XV of 1960), the publisher of every book published in Pakistan after the commencement of this Ordinance, shall, notwithstanding any agreement to the contrary, deliver at his own expense, one copy of the book to each of the public libraries within thirty days from the date of its publication, and shall also furnish to it such particulars relating thereto as may be prescribed.

(2) The copy delivered to the National Library of Pakistan, Islamabad, shall be a copy of the whole book with all maps and illustrations belonging thereto finished and coloured in the same manner as the best copies of the same, and shall be bound, sewed or stitched together, and on the best paper on which any copy of the book is printed.

(3) The copy delivered to any other public library shall be on the paper on which the largest number of copies of the book is printed for sale, and shall be in the like condition as the books prepared for sale.

(4) Nothing contained in subsection (1) shall apply to any second or subsequent edition of a book in which edition no additions or alterations either in the letter-press or in the maps, book-prints or other engravings belonging to the book have been made, and a copy of the first or any other edition of which book has been delivered under this section.

Delivery of Periodicals and Newspapers to Public Libraries

48. Subject to any rules that may be made under this Ordinance, but without prejudice to the provisions contained in section 36 of the Registration of Printing Press and Publications Ordinance, 1989 (VII of 1989), the publisher of every periodical or newspaper published in Pakistan shall deliver, at his own expense, one copy of each issue or such periodical or newspaper as soon as it is published to each of the public libraries, and shall also furnish to it such particulars relating thereto as may be prescribed.

Receipt for Books, Periodicals and Newspapers, Delivered

49. The person in charge of a public library (whether called a librarian or by any other name) or any other person authorized by him in this behalf to whom a copy of the book, periodical or a newspaper is delivered under section 47 or section 48, shall give to the publisher a receipt in writing therefor.

Penalty

50. Any publisher who contravenes any provision of this Chapter or of any rule made thereunder shall be punishable with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees and, if the contravention is in respect of a book or periodical, shall also be punishable with fine which shall be equivalent to the value of the book or periodical; and the Court trying the offence may direct that the whole or any part of the fine realized from him shall be paid, by way of compensation, to the public library to which the book, periodical or newspaper, as the case may be, ought to have been delivered.

Cognizance of Offences under this Chapter

51.—(1) No Court shall take cognizance of any offence punishable under this Chapter save on complaint made by an officer empowered in this behalf by the Federal Government by a general or special order.

(2) No Court inferior to that of a Magistrate of the First Class shall try any offence punishable under this Chapter.

Application of this Chapter to Books, Periodicals and Newspapers Published by Government

52. This Chapter shall also apply to books, periodicals and newspapers published by or under the authority of the Government, but shall not apply to books or periodicals meant for official use only.

Chapter XI
International Copyright

Provisions as to Works of Certain International Organizations

53.—(1) The Federal Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, declare that this section shall apply to such organizations as may be specified therein of which one or more sovereign powers or the Government or Governments thereof are members.

(2) Where—

(a) any work is made or first published by or under the direction or control of any organization to which this section applies;

(b) there would, apart from this section, be no copyright in the work in Pakistan at the time of the making or, as the case may be, of the first publication thereof; and

(c) either—

(i) the work is published as aforesaid in pursuance of an agreement in that behalf with the author, being an agreement which does not reserve to the author the copyright, if any, in the work, or

(ii) under section 13 any copyright in the work would belong to the organization; there shall subsist copyright in the work throughout Pakistan except as respects its reprint, translation, adaptation or publication, by or under the authority of the Federal Government, as textbook for the purposes of teaching, study or research in educational institutions.

(3) Any organization to which this section applies which at the material time had not the legal capacity of a body corporate shall have, and be deemed at all material times to have had, the legal capacity of a body corporate for the purpose of holding, dealing with, and enforcing copyright and in connection with all legal proceedings relating to copyright.

Power to Extend Copyright to Foreign Works

54.—(1) The Federal Government may, by order published in the official Gazette, direct that all or any of the provisions of this Ordinance shall apply—

(a) to works first published in a foreign country to which the order relates in like manner as if they were first published within Pakistan;

(b) to unpublished works, or any class thereof, the authors whereof were at the time of making of the work, subjects or citizens of a foreign country to which the order relates, in like manner as if the authors were citizens of Pakistan;

(c) in respect of domicile in a foreign country to which the order relates in like manner as if such domicile were in Pakistan;

(d) to any work of which the author was at the date of the first publication thereof, or, in a case where the author was dead at that date, was at the time of his death, a subject or citizen of a foreign country to which the order relates in like manner as if the author was a citizen of Pakistan at the date or time;

and thereupon subject to the provisions of this Chapter and of the order, this Ordinance shall apply accordingly:

Provided that—

(i) before making an order under this section in respect of any foreign country (other than a country with which Pakistan has entered into a treaty or which is a party to a convention relating to copyright to which Pakistan is also a party), the Federal Government shall be satisfied that that foreign country has made or has undertaken to make, such provisions, if any, as it appears to the Federal Government expedient to require for the protection in that country of works entitled to copyright under the provisions of this Ordinance;

(ii) the order may provide that the provisions of this Ordinance shall apply either generally or in relation to such classes of works or such classes of cases as may be specified in the order;

(iii) the order may provide that the term of copyright in Pakistan shall not exceed that conferred by the law of the foreign country to which the order relates;

(iv) the order may provide that the provisions of this Ordinance as to delivery of copies of books to public libraries shall not apply to works first published in such foreign country except so far as is provided by the order;

(v) in applying the provisions of this Ordinance as to ownership of copyright, the order may make such modification as appears necessary, having regard to the law of the foreign country;

(vi) the order may provide that this Ordinance or any part thereof shall not apply to works made or first published, before the commencement of the order.

Power to Restrict Rights in Works of Foreign Authors First Published in Pakistan

55. If it appears to the Federal Government that a foreign country does not give, or has not undertaken to give, adequate protection to the works of Pakistani authors, the Federal Government may, by order published in the official Gazette, direct that such of the provisions of this Ordinance as confer copyright on works first published in Pakistan shall not apply to works, published after the date specified in the order, the authors whereof are subjects or citizens of such foreign country and are not domiciled in Pakistan, and thereupon those provisions shall not apply to such works.

Chapter XII
Infringement of Copyright

When Copyright Infringed

56. Copyright in a work shall be deemed to be infringed—

(a) when any person, without the consent of the owner of the copyright or without a licence granted by such owner or the Registrar under this Ordinance or in contravention of the conditions of a licence so granted or of any condition imposed by a competent authority under this Ordinance,—

(i) does anything, the exclusive right to do which is by this Ordinance conferred upon the owner of the copyright; or

(ii) permits for profit any place to be used for the performance of the work in public where such performance constitutes an infringement of the copyright in the work unless he was not aware and had no reasonable ground for suspecting that such performance would be an infringement of copyright; or

(b) when any person—

(i) makes for sale or hire, or sells or lets for hire, or by way of trade displays or offers for sale or hire; or

(ii) distributes either for the purpose of trade to such an extent as to affect prejudicially the owner of the copyright, or

(iii) by way of trade exhibits in public, or

(iv) imports into Pakistan, any infringing copies of the work.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, the reproduction of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work in the form of a cinematographic work shall be deemed to be an “infringing copy”.

Certain Acts not to be Infringement of Copyright

57.—(1) The following acts shall not constitute an infringement of copyright, namely:

(a) a fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work for the purpose of—

(i) research or private study;

(ii) criticism or review, whether of that work or of any other work;

(b) a fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work for the purpose of reporting current events—

(i) in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical, or

(ii) by broadcast or in a cinematographic work or by means of photographs;

(c) the reproduction of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work for the propose of a judicial proceeding or for the purpose of a report of judicial proceeding;

(d) the publication in a newspaper of a report of an address of political nature delivered at a public meeting unless the report is prohibited by conspicuous written or printed notice affixed before and maintained during the lecture at or about the main entrance of the building in which the lecture is given and, except whilst the building is being used for public workshop, in a position near the lecturer, but nothing in this clause shall affect the provisions as to newspaper summaries;

(e) the reproduction of any literary, dramatic or musical work in the certified copy made or supplied in accordance with any law for the time being in force;

(f) the reading or recitation in public of any reasonable extract from a published literary or dramatic work;

(g) the publication in a collection, mainly composed of non-copyright matter, bona fide intended for the use of educational institutions and so described in the title and in any advertisement issued by or on behalf of the publisher, or short passages from published literary or dramatic works, not themselves published for the use of educational institutions, in which copyright subsists:

Provided that not more than two such passages from works by the same author are published by the same publisher during any period of five years;

Explanation.—In the case of a work of joint authorship references in this clause to passages from works shall include references to passages from works by any one or more of the authors of those passages or by any one or more of those authors in collaboration with any other person.

(h) the reproduction or adaptation of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work—

(i) in the course and for the sole purpose of instruction, whether at an educational institution or elsewhere, where the reproduction or adaptation is made by a teacher or a pupil otherwise than by the use of a printing process; or

(ii) as part of the questions to be answered in an examination; or

(iii) in answers to such questions;

(i) the performance, in the course of the activities of an educational institution, of a literary, dramatic or musical work by the staff and students of the institution, or of a cinematographic work or a record, if the audience is limited to such staff and students, the parents and guardians of the students and persons directly connected with the activities of the institution;

(j) the making of records in respect of any literary, dramatic or musical work, if—

(i) records recording the work have previously been made by or with the licence or consent of the owner of the copyright in the work; and

(ii) the person making the records has given the prescribed notice of his intention to make the records, and has paid in the prescribed manner to the owner of the copyright in the work royalties in respect of all such records to be made by him, at the rate fixed by the Board in this behalf;

Provided that in making the records such person shall not make any alterations in, or omissions from the work, unless records recording the work subject to similar alterations and omissions have been previously made by, or with the licence or consent of the owner of the copyright, or unless such alterations and omissions are reasonably necessary for the adaptation of the work to the records in question;

(k) the causing of a recording embodied in a record to be heard in public utilizing the record,—

(i) at any premises where persons reside, as part of the amenities provided exclusively or mainly for residents therein, or

(ii) as part of the activities of a club, society or other organization which is not established or conducted for profit;

(n( �/i> the performance of a literary, dramatic or musical work by an amateur club or society, if the performance is given to a non-paying audience, or for the benefit of a religious, charitable or educational institution;

(m) the reproduction in a newspaper, magazine or other periodical of an article on current economic, political, social or religious topics, unless the owner of copyright of such article has expressly reserved to himself the right of such reproduction;

(n) the publication in a newspaper, magazine or other periodical of a report of a lecture delivered to public;

(o) the making of not more than three copies of a book (including a pamphlet, sheet of music, map, chart or plan) by or under the direction of the person in charge of a public library or a non-profit library available for use by the public free of charge or a library attached to an educational institution for the use of such library if such book is not available for sale;

(p) the reproduction, for the purpose of research or private study or with a view to publication of an unpublished literary, dramatic or musical work kept in a library, museum or other institution to which the public has access: