Main text(s)

French Loi de 1994 sur le droit d'auteur

English Copyright Act 1994

NZ015: Copyright, Act (Consolidation), 1913 (15/12/1994), (No. 143)

1994, No. 143
An Act to consolidate and amend
the law relating to copyright

[15 December 1994

BE IT ENACTED by the Parliament of New Zealand as follows:

1. Short Title and commencement-

(1) This Act may be cited as the Copyright Act 1994.

(2) Except as provided in sections 27 (2) and 144 (5) of this Act, this Act shall come into force on the 1st day of January 1995.

2. Interpretation-

(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-

"Adaptation",-

(a) In relation to a literary or dramatic work, includes-

(i) A translation of the work from one language to another:

(ii) A version of a dramatic work in which it is converted into a literary work or, as the case may be, of a literary work in which it is converted into a dramatic work:

(iii) A version of the work in which the story or action is conveyed wholly or mainly by means of pictures in a form suitable for reproduction in a book, or in a newspaper, magazine, or similar periodical:

(b) In relation to a literary work that is a computer program, includes a version of the program in which it is converted into or out of a computer language or code or into a different computer language or code, otherwise than incidentally in the course of running the program:

"Article", in relation to an article in a periodical, includes an item of any description:

"Artistic work"-

(a) Means-

(i) A graphic work, photograph, sculpture, collage, or model, irrespective artistic quality; or

(ii) A work of architecture, being a building or a model for a building; or

(iii) A work of artistic craftsmanship, not falling within subparagraph (i) or subparagraph (ii) of this definition; but

(b) Does not include a layout design or an integrated circuit within the meaning of section 2 of the Layout Designs Act 1994:

"Authorised", with respect to anything done in relation to a work, means done-

(a) By or with the licence of the copyright owner; or

(b) Pursuant to section 62 of this Act:

"Broadcast" means a transmission, whether or not encrypted, of a programme by wireless communication, where the transmission is-

(a) Capable of being lawfully received, in New Zealand or elsewhere, by members of the public; or

(b) For presentation to members of the public in New Zealand or elsewhere;-

and "broadcasting" has a corresponding meaning:

"Building" includes-

(a) Any fixed structure; and

(b) A part of a building or fixed structure:

"Business" includes a trade or profession:

"Collective work" means-

(a) A work of joint authorship; or

(b) A work in which there are distinct contributions by different authors or in which works, or parts of works, of different authors are incorporated:

"Compilation" includes-

(a) A compilation consisting wholly of works or parts of works; and

(b) A compilation consisting partly of works or parts of works; and

"Computer-generated", in relation to a work, means that the work is generated by computer in circumstances such that there is no human author of the work:

"Convention country", except in Part IX of this Act, means a country that is a party to a convention or other international instrument relating to copyright to which New Zealand is also a party:

"Copying"-

(a) Means, in relation to any description of work, reproducing or recording the work in any material form; and

(b) Includes, in relation to a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work, storing the work in any medium by any means; and

(c) Includes, in relation to an artistic work, the making of a copy in 3 dimensions of a two-dimensional work and the making of a copy in 2 dimensions of a three-dimensional work; and

(d) Includes, in relation to a film, television broadcast, or cable programme, the making of a photograph of the whole or any substantial part of and image forming part of the film, broadcast, or cable programme;-

and "copy" and "copies" have corresponding meanings:

"Copyright licence" means a licence to do, or authorise the doing of, any restricted act:

"Copyright work" means a work of any of the descriptions in section 14 (1) of this Act in which copyright exists:

"Country" includes every territory for whose international relations the Government of that country is responsible:

"Crown"-

(a) Means Her Majesty the Queen in right of New Zealand; and

(b) Includes a Minister of the Crown, a government department, and an Office of Parliament; but

(i) A Crown entity; or

(ii) A State enterprise named in the First Schedule to the State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986:

"Crown entity" has the same meaning as it has in section 2 (1) of the Public Finance Act 1989:

"Director", in relation to a copyright work that is a film, includes any person nominated by the director of the film to exercise the director's rights under Part IV of this Act if-

(a) The nomination is in writing and signed by the director; and

(b) The nomination is made before the completion of the making of the film; and

"Dramatic work" includes-

(a) A work of dance or mime; and

(b) A scenario or script for a film:

"Educational establishment" means-

(a) Any school to which the Education Act 1989 or the Private Schools Conditional Integration Act 1975 applies:

(b) Any-

(i) Special school; or

(ii) Special class; or

(iii) Special clinic; or

(iv) Special service-

established under section 98 (1) of the Education Act 1964:

(d) Any early childhood centre within the meaning of section 308 (1) of the Education Act 1989:

(e) Any-

(i) Institution; or

(ii) Private training establishment; or

(iii) Government training establishment-

within the meaning of section 159 (1) of the Education Act 1989, that is not conducted for profit:

(f) Any body, or class of body, that is not conducted for profit and that is approved by the Minister of Education as an educational establishment for the purposes of this Act by a notice published in the Gazette:

"Electronic" means actuated by electric, magnetic, electro-magnetic, electro-chemical, or electro-mechanical energy; and "in electronic form" means in a form usable only by electronic means:

"Employed" means employed under a contract of service or a contract of apprenticeship; and "employee", "employer", have corresponding meanings:

"Exclusive licence" means a licence in writing, signed by or on behalf of a copyright owner, authorising the licensee, to the exclusion of all other persons (including the copyright owner), to exercise a right that would otherwise be exercisable exclusively by the copyright owner:

"Facsimile copy" includes a copy that is reduced or enlarged in scale:

"Film" means a recording on any medium from which a moving image may by any means be produced:

"Future copyright" means copyright that will or may come into existence in respect of a future work or a class of future work or on the occurrence of a future event:

"Government" means the Executive Government of New Zealand:

"Government department" means any department or instrument of the Government, or any branch or division of any such department or instrument; but does not include-

(a) A body corporate or other legal entity that has the power to contract:

(b) An Office of Parliament:

(d) The Export Guarantee Office:

"Graphic work" includes-

(a) Any painting, drawing, diagram, map, chart, or plan; and

(b) Any engraving, etching, lithograph, woodcut, print, or similar work:

"Instruction" means-

(a) Giving a lesson, either in person or by correspondence, to a student or a group of students, at an educational establishment or elsewhere; or

(b) Receiving a lesson, either in person or by correspondence and either alone or in a group of students, at an educational establishment or elsewhere:

"International organisation" means an organisation the members of which include one or more states:

"Judicial proceedings" includes-

(a) Proceedings before any court, tribunal, or person having authority to decide any matter affecting a person's legal rights or liabilities; and

(b) Proceedings before any other body that is prescribed by regulations made under this Act as a judicial body for the purposes of this Act:

"Lawful user", in relation to a computer program, means a person who has a right to use the program, whether under a copyright licence or otherwise:

"Licensing body" means a body of persons (whether corporate or unincorporate) that, as copyright owner or prospective copyright owner or as agent for a copyright owner,-

(a) Negotiates copyright licences; and

(b) Grants copyright licences, including licences that cover the works of more than one author:

"Licensing scheme" means a scheme setting out-

(a) The classes of cases in which the operator of the scheme, or the person on whose behalf the operator acts, is willing to grant copyright licenses; and

(b) The terms on which copyright licences would be granted in those classes of cases;-

and for the purpose of this definition a "scheme" includes anything in the nature of a scheme, whether described as a scheme or as a tariff or by any other name:

"Literary work" means any work, other than a dramatic or musical work, that is written, spoken, or sung; and includes-

(a) A table or compilation; and

(b) A computer program:

"Material time",-

(a) In relation to a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work, means,-

(i) In the case of an unpublished work, when the work is made or, if the making of the work extends over a period, a substantial part of that period; and

(ii) In the case of a published work, when the work is first published or, if the author has died before that time, immediately before his or her death; and

(b) In relation to a sound recording or film, means when the work is made or, if the making of the work extends over a period, a substantial part of that period; and

(d) In relation to a cable programme, means when the programme is included in a cable programme service; and

(e) In relation to a typographical arrangement of a published edition, means when the edition is first published:

"Minister" means the Minister of Justice:

"Ministerial inquiry" includes the proceedings of a committee set up by the Government or a Minister or Ministers to inquire into or advise on any matter:

"Musical work" means a work consisting of music, exclusive of any words intended to be sung or spoken with the music or any actions intended to be performed with the music:

"National Archives" has the same meaning as it has in the Archives Act 1957:

"New Zealand" includes Tokelau:

"Office of Parliament" means-

(a) The Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment (and that Commissioner's office):

(b) The Office of Ombudsmen:

(d) The Parliamentary Counsel Office:

"Performance", except in Part IX of this Act,-

(a) In the case of a literary work that is a lecture, address, speech, or sermon, includes delivery of that work; and

(b) In general, includes any mode of visual or acoustic presentation of a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work, including presentation of the work by means of a sound recording, film, broadcast, or cable programme:

"Photograph" means a recording of light or other radiation on any medium on which an image is produced or from which an image may by any means be produced; but does not include a film or part of a film:

"Plate" includes any stereotype, stone, block, mould, matrix, transfer, negative, or other similar appliance:

"Prescribed foreign country" means any country (other than New Zealand)-

(a) To which section 230 of this Act applies; or

(b) That is declared by Order in Council made under section 232 of this Act to be a foreign country to which any provision of this Act applies; and, with respect to the application of any provision of this Act to such a country, the provision shall be read subject to the terms of that Order in Council:

"Proceedings" includes a counterclaim; and references to the plaintiff and to the defendant in proceedings shall be construed accordingly:

"Published edition" means a published edition of the whole or any part of one or more literary, dramatic, or musical works:

"Regulations"-

(a) Has the same meaning as it has in section 2 of the Acts and Regulations Publication Act 1989; and

(b) Includes any instruments that have, pursuant to section 6A of the Regulations Act 1936 or section 14 of the Acts and Regulations Publication Act 1989, been printed or published as if they were regulations:

"Rental" means any arrangement under which a copy of a work is made available-

(a) For payment (in money or money's worth); or

(b) In the course of a business, as part of services or amenities for which payment is made,-

on terms that it will or may be returned:

"Reprographic copy" means a copy made by a reprographic process; and "reprographic copying" has a corresponding meaning:

"Reprographic process" means a process-

(a) For making facsimile copies; or

(b) Involving the use of an appliance for making multiple copies;-

and includes, in relation to a work held in electronic form, any copying by electronic means; but does not include the making of a film or sound recording:

"Restricted act" means any of the acts described in section 16 of this Act:

"Sculpture" includes a cast or model made for purposes of sculpture:

"Sound recording" means-

(a) A recording of sounds, from which the sounds may be reproduced; or

(b) A recording of the whole or any part of a literary, dramatic, or musical work, from which sounds reproducing the work or part may be produced,-

regardless of the medium on which the recording is made or the method by which the sounds are reproduced or produced:

"Statutory inquiry" means an inquiry held or investigation conducted in pursuance of a duty imposed or power conferred by or under an enactment:

"Sufficient acknowledgement", in relation to a work, means an acknowledgement identifying-

(a) The work by its title or other description; and

(b) The author of the work, unless,-

(i) In the case of a published work, it is published anonymously:

(ii) In the case of an unpublished work, it is not possible by reasonable inquiry to ascertain the identity of the author:

"Telecommunications system" means a system for conveying visual images, sounds, or other information by electronic means:

"Transcript" means a written record of words spoken on a recording:

"Tribunal" means the Copyright Tribunal continued by section 205 of this Act:

"Unauthorised", with respect to anything done in relation to a work, means done otherwise than-

(a) By or with the licence of the copyright owner; or

(b) Pursuant to section 62 of this Act:

"Wireless communication" means the sending of electro-magnetic energy over paths not provided by a material substance constructed or arranged for that purpose:

"Working day" means any day of the week other than-

(a) Saturday, Sunday, Good Friday, Easter Monday, Anzac Day, Labour Day, the Sovereign's birthday, and Waitangi Day; and

(b) A day in the period commencing with the 25th day of December in any year and ending with the 15th day of January in the following year:

"Writing" includes any form of notation or code, whether by hand or otherwise and regardless of the method by which, or medium in or on which, it is recorded; and "written" has a corresponding meaning.

(2) References in this Act to the time at which a literary, dramatic, or musical work is made are to the time at which the work is recorded, in writing or otherwise.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, ss. 1 (2), 3 (1), 3 (2), 4, 5 (1), 6 (1), 8 (1), 16 (1), 19 (2), 21 (3), 21 (4), 92 (1), 178 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, ss. 2 (1), 3 (6), 3 (8), 17 (1), 24 (5), 26 (9), 36 (1); 1989, No. 44, s. 2

3. Associated definitions for purposes of broadcasting-

(1) For the purposes of this Act, an encrypted transmission shall be regarded as capable of being lawfully received by members of the public only if decoding equipment has been made available to members of the public by or with the authority of the person making the transmission or the person providing the contents of the transmission.

(2) References in this Act to a programme, in relation to broadcasting, are to the visual images, sounds, or other information transmitted.

(3) References in this Act to the person making a broadcast, broadcasting a work, or including a work in a broadcast are-

(a) To the person transmitting the programme, if he or she has responsibility to any extent for its contents; and

(b) To any person providing the programme, when that person makes with the person transmitting it the arrangements necessary for its transmission.

(4) For the purposes of this Act, in the case of a broadcast by satellite transmission,-

(a) The place from which the broadcast is made is the place from which the signals carrying the broadcast are transmitted to the satellite; and

(b) The person making the broadcast is the person who transmits those signals to the satellite.

(5) References in this Act to the reception of a broadcast include reception of a broadcast relayed by means of a telecommunications system.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 6 (2)-(5) (U.K.); Copyright Act 1968, s. 22 (6) (Aust.)

4. Meaning of "cable programme service", and associated definitions-

(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-

"Cable programme" means any item included in a cable programme service:

"Cable programme service" means a transmission service where the transmission is-

(a) For reception at 2 or more places, either simultaneously or at different times, in response to requests by different users; or

(b) For presentation to members of the public; but does not include a transmission service that is, or so far as it is, excepted by or under any provision of subsections (2) to (4) of this section:

"Transmission service" means a service that consists wholly or mainly in sending visual images, sounds, or other information by means of a telecommunications system, otherwise than by wireless communication.

(2) A cable programme service does not include-

(a) A transmission service or part of a transmission service of which it is an essential feature that while visual images, sounds, or other information are being transmitted, by means of a telecommunications system, by the person providing the service, there will or may be transmitted from each place of reception, by means of the same system or, as the case may be, the same part of the system, visual images, sounds, or other information (other than signals sent for the operation or control of the service) for reception by the person providing the service or other persons receiving it:

(b) A transmission service run for the purposes of a business where-

(i) No person except the person carrying on the business is concerned in the control of the equipment used for the purposes of the telecommunications system through which the service operates; and

(ii) Visual images, sounds, or other information are transmitted by the system solely for purposes internal to the running of the business and not by way of rendering a service or providing amenities for others; and

(iii) The system is not connected to any other telecommunications system:

(i) All the equipment used for the purposes of the telecommunications system through which the service operates is under his or her control; and

(ii) The visual images, sounds, or other information transmitted by the system are conveyed solely for his or her private and domestic purposes; and

(iii) The system is not connected to any other telecommunications system:

(d) A transmission service where-

(i) All the equipment used for the purposes of the telecommunications system through which the service operates is situated in, or connects, premises that are in the occupation of a single occupier; and

(ii) The system is not connected to any other telecommunications system,-

except where the service operates as part of the amenities provided for residents or inmates of premises run as a business:

(e) A transmission service that is, or to the extent that it is, run for persons providing broadcasting or cable programme services or providing programmes for such services.

(3) The Governor-General may, from time to time, by Order in Council, amend subsection (2) of this section by-

(a) Varying any exclusion and making such transitional provisions in relation to the variation as appear to the Governor-General to be necessary; or

(b) Repealing any exclusion and making such transitional provisions in relation to the repeal as appear to the Governor-General to be necessary; or

(4) Where any amendment is made to subsection (2) of this section by an Order in Council made under subsection (3) of this section, the amendment shall expire-

(a) On the date specified in the Order in Council for the expiry of the Order in Council; or

(b) At the end of a period of 5 years commencing with the day on which the amendment comes into force,-

whichever is the earlier.

(5) References in this Act to the inclusion of a cable programme in a cable programme service are to the transmission of the programme as part of the service.

(6) References in this Act to the person including a work in a cable programme, including a work in a cable programme service, or including a cable programme in a cable programme service, are to the person providing the cable programme service.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 7 (1)-(3), (5) (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 2 (4)

5. Meaning of "author"-

(1) For the purposes of this Act, the author of a work is the person who creates it.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) of this section, the person who creates a work shall be taken to be,-

(a) In the case of a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work that is computer-generated, the person by whom the arrangements necessary for the creation of the work are undertaken:

(b) In the case of a sound recording or film, the person by whom the arrangements necessary for the making of the recording or film are undertaken:

(c) In the case of a broadcast, the person making the broadcast or, in the case of a broadcast that relays another broadcast by reception and immediate retransmission, the person making that other broadcast:

(d) In the case of a cable programme, the person providing the cable programme service in which the programme is included:

(e) In the case of a typographical arrangement of a published edition, the publisher.

(3) The author of a work of any of the descriptions referred to in subsection (2) of this section may be a natural person or a body corporate.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 9 (1)-(3) (U.K.)

6. Meaning of "work of joint authorship"-

(1) In this Act, the term "work of joint authorship" means a work produced by the collaboration of 2 or more authors in which the contribution of each author is not distinct from that of the other author or authors.

(2) A broadcast shall be treated as a work of joint authorship in any case where more than one person is to be taken as making the broadcast.

(3) References in this Act to the author of a work shall be construed in relation to a work of joint authorship as a reference to all the authors of the work.

(4) Where, in relation to a work of joint authorship, copyright would not exist in the work if one or more of the authors were the sole author or sole joint authors, the work shall be treated as if the other author or authors were the sole author or sole joint authors of the work.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 10 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 12 (3), (4), (6)

7. Meaning of "unknown authorship"-

(1) For the purposes of this Act, a work is of unknown authorship if the identity of the author is unknown or, in the case of a work of joint authorship, if the identity of none of the authors is known.

(2) For the purposes of this Act, the identity of an author shall be regarded as unknown if it is not possible for a person who wishes to ascertain the identity of the author to do so by reasonable inquiry; but if that identity is once known it shall not subsequently be regarded as unknown.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 9 (4), (5) (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 11 (3), (4)

8. Meaning of "copyright owner"-

(1) Where copyright or any aspect of copyright is owned by more than one person jointly, references in this Act to the copyright owner, or to the owner of the copyright in the work, are to all owners.

(2) Where different persons are entitled to different aspects of copyright in a work, the copyright owner for any purpose of this Act is the person who is entitled to the aspect of copyright relevant for that purpose.

(3) Subject to the provisions of Part VII of this Act, where a question arises under this Act whether an object of any description has been imported, sold, or otherwise dealt with other than pursuant to a copyright licence, the copyright owner shall be taken to be the person entitled to the copyright in respect of its application to the making of objects of that description in the country into which the object was imported or in which it was sold or otherwise dealt with.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 173 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 3 (10)

9. Meaning of "issue to the public"-

(1) References in this Act to the issue of copies of a work to the public mean the act of putting into circulation copies not previously put into circulation; and do not include the acts of-

(a) Subsequent distribution or sale of those copies; or

(b) Subject to subsections (2) and (3) of this section, subsequent hiring or loan of those copies; or

(2) The issue of copies of a work to the public, in relation to computer programs, includes the rental of copies of computer programs to the public; but does not include any such rental where-

(a) The computer program is incorporated into any other thing; and

(b) The rental of the computer program is not the principal purpose or one of the principal purposes of the rental; and

(3) The issue of copies of a work to the public, in relation to sound recordings and films, includes the rental of copies of those works to the public.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 18 (2) (U.K.)

10. Meaning of "publication"-

(1) In this Act, the term "publication", in relation to a work,-

(a) Means the issue of copies of the work to the public; and

(b) Includes, in the case of a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work, making it available to the public by means of an electronic retrieval system;-

and "publish" has a corresponding meaning.

(2) In the case of a work of architecture in the form of a building, or an artistic work incorporated in a building, construction of the building shall be treated as equivalent to publication of the work.

(3) References in this Act to publication do not include publication that is not intended to satisfy the reasonable requirements of the public.

(4) The following acts do not constitute publication for the purposes of this Act:

(a) In the case of a literary, dramatic, or musical work,-

(i) The performance of the work; or

(ii) The broadcasting of the work or its inclusion in a cable programme service (otherwise than for the purposes of an electronic retrieval system):

(b) In the case of any artistic work,-

(i) The exhibition of the work; or

(ii) The issue to the public of copies of a film including the work; or

(iii) The broadcasting of the work or its inclusion in a cable programme service (otherwise than for the purposes of an electronic retrieval system):

(i) A sculpture; or

(ii) A work of architecture in the form of a building or a model for a building; or

(iii) A work of artistic craftsmanship,-

the issue to the public of copies of a graphic work representing, or of photographs of, the work:

(d) In the case of a sound recording or film,-

(i) The playing or showing of the work in public; or

(ii) The broadcasting of the work or its inclusion in a cable programme service.

(5) No account shall be taken for the purposes of this section of any unauthorised act.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 175 (1), (3)-(6) (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 3 (1), (2), (5), (6)

11. Meaning of "commercial publication"-

In this Act, the term "commercial publication", in relation to a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work, means the publication of the work consisting of-

(a) Issuing copies of the work to the public at a time when copies made in advance of the receipt of orders are generally available to the public; or

(b) Making the work available to the public by means of an electronic retrieval system;-

and related expressions shall be construed accordingly.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 175 (2) (U.K.)

12. Meaning of "infringing copy"-

(1) In this Act, the term "infringing copy", in relation to a copyright work, shall be construed in accordance with this section.

(2) An object is an infringing copy if its making constitutes an infringement of the copyright in the work in question.

(3) An object that a person imports, or proposes to import, into New Zealand is an infringing copy-

(a) If, had that person made the object in New Zealand, that person would have infringed the copyright in the work in question; or

(b) If the making of the object, by whomever it was made and wherever it was made, constituted an infringement of the copyright in the work in question.

(4) Where in any proceedings the question arises whether an object is an infringing copy, and it is shown-

(a) That the object is a copy of the work in question; and

(b) That copyright exists in the work or has existed at any time,-

it shall be presumed until the contrary is proved that the object was made at a time when copyright existed in the work.

(5) In this Act, an infringing copy includes a copy falling to be treated as an infringing copy under any of the following provisions of this Act:

(a) Section 85 (4) (which relates to incidental recording for the purposes of a broadcast or cable programme):

(b) Section 93 (1) (which relates to subsequent dealings with copies made under Part III of this Act).

(6) In this Act, an infringing copy does not include a literary work or an artistic work that-

(a) Relates to a medicine that has been imported by the Crown pursuant to section 32A of the Medicines Act 1981; and

(b) Has been made, copied, published, adapted, or distributed, in an overseas country, by or with the licence of the owner of the copyright in the work in that country.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 27 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 10 (5); 1990, No. 71, s. 2

13. Act to bind the Crown-

This Act binds the Crown.

PART I
Description, Ownership, and Duration of Copyright

Description of Copyright

14. Copyright in original works-

(1) Copyright is a property right that exists, in accordance with this Act, in original works of the following descriptions:

(a) Literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works:

(b) Sound recordings:

(d) Broadcasts:

(e) Cable programmes:

(f) Typographical arrangements of published editions.

(2) A work is not original if-

(a) It is, or to the extent that it is, a copy of another work; or

(b) It infringes the copyright in, or to the extent that it infringes the copyright in, another work.

(3) A cable programme is not an original work if its inclusion in a cable programme service is by way of reception and immediate retransmission of a broadcast.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, ss. 1 (1), 5 (2), 6 (6), 7 (6), 8 (2) (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, ss. 7 (1), 13 (1), 14 (1), 15 (1), 17 (1)

15. Recording necessary for some works-

(1) Copyright does not exist in a literary or dramatic or musical work unless and until the work is recorded, in writing or otherwise.

(2) It is immaterial for the purposes of subsection (1) of this section whether the work is recorded by or with the consent of the author.

(3) Where a work is not recorded by the author, the question whether copyright exists in the record, as distinct from the work recorded, is not affected by anything in subsection (1) of this section.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 3 (2), (3) (U.K.)

16. Acts restricted by copyright-

(1) The owner of the copyright in a work has the exclusive right to do, in accordance with sections 30 to 34 of this Act, the following acts in New Zealand:

(a) To copy the work:

(b) To issue copies of the work to the public, whether by sale or otherwise:

(d) To play the work in public:

(e) To show the work in public:

(f) To broadcast the work or include the work in a cable programme service:

(g) To make an adaptation of the work:

(h) To do any of the acts referred to in any of paragraphs (a) to (f) of this subsection in relation to an adaptation of the work:

(i) To authorise another person to do any of the acts referred to in any of paragraphs (a) to (h) of this subsection.

(2) Subsection (1) of this section applies subject to Parts III and VIII of this Act.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 16 (1), (4) (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, ss. 6 (1), 7 (3), 7 (4), 13 (5), 14 (5), 17 (3)

Qualification for Copyright

17. Qualification for copyright-

(1) Copyright does not exist in a work unless the requirements of section 18 or section 19 or section 20 of this Act are satisfied in respect of that work.

(2) Subsection (1) of this section does not apply to copyright that exists by virtue of section 26 or section 28 of this Act.

(3) If the requirements of section 18 or section 19 or section 20 or section 26 or section 28 of this Act are once satisfied in respect of a work, copyright in that work does not cease to exist if any change occurs in any of the circumstances by reason of which those requirements were satisfied.

(4) For the avoidance of doubt, it is hereby declared that where any other provision of this Act imposes requirements, in addition to the requirements of section 18 or section 19 or section 20 of this Act, that must be satisfied for copyright to exist in a work, copyright does not exist in a work unless the requirements of that provision and the requirements of section 18 or section 19 or section 20 of this Act are satisfied in respect of that work.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 153 (U.K.)

18. Qualification by reference to author-

(1) A work qualifies for copyright if the author is, at the material time,-

(a) A New Zealand citizen; or

(b) An individual domiciled or resident in New Zealand; or

(2) A work qualifies for copyright if the author is, at the material time,-

(a) A citizen or subject of a prescribed foreign country; or

(b) An individual domiciled or resident in a prescribed foreign country; or

(3) Subject to subsection (4) of this section, a work of joint authorship qualifies for copyright if, at the material time, any of the authors satisfies the requirements of subsection (1) or subsection (2) of this section.

(4) Where a work of joint authorship qualifies for copyright under this section alone, only those authors who satisfy the requirements of subsection (1) or subsection (2) of this section shall be taken into account for the purposes of the application, to that work, of the following provisions of this Act:

(a) Section 21 (which relates to the first ownership of copyright):

(b) Subsections (1) and (4) of section 22 (which relate to the duration of copyright in literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works):

(c) Section 67 (which relates to acts permitted on assumptions as to expiry of copyright or death of the author in relation to anonymous or pseudonymous works).

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 154 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, ss. 7 (1), 12 (1), 13 (1), 14 (1), 15 (1), 17 (1)

19. Qualification by reference to country of first publication-

(1) A work (being a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work, a sound recording, a film, or a typographical arrangement of a published edition) qualifies for copyright if it is first published-

(a) In New Zealand; or

(b) In a prescribed foreign country.

(2) For the purposes of this section, publication in one country shall not be regarded as other than the first publication by reason of simultaneous publication elsewhere; and for this purpose publication elsewhere within the previous 30 days shall be treated as simultaneous.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 155 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, ss. 7 (2), 13 (2), 14 (2), 17 (1)

20. Qualification by reference to place of transmission-

(1) A broadcast qualifies for copyright if it is made from-

(a) A place in New Zealand; or

(b) A place in a prescribed foreign country.

(2) A cable programme qualifies for copyright if it is sent from-

(a) A place in New Zealand; or

(b) A place in a prescribed foreign country.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 156 (U.K.)

Ownership of Copyright

21. First ownership of copyright-

(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, the person who is the author of a work is the first owner of any copyright in the work.

(2) Where an employee makes, in the course of his or her employment, a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work, that person's employer is the first owner of any copyright in the work.

(3) Where-

(a) A person commissions, and pays or agrees to pay for, the taking of a photograph or the making of a computer program, painting, drawing, diagram, map, chart, plan, engraving, model, sculpture, film, or sound recording; and

(b) The work is made in pursuance of that commission,- that person is the first owner of any copyright in the work.

(4) Subsections (2) and (3) of this section apply subject to any agreement to the contrary.

(5) Subsections (1) to (4) of this section apply subject to sections 26 and 28 of this Act.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 11 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, ss. 9, 13 (4), 14 (4)

Duration of Copyright

22. Duration of copyright in literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works-

(1) Subject to the following provisions of this section, copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work expires at the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the author dies.

(2) If the work is computer-generated, copyright expires at the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work is made.

(3) If the work is of unknown authorship, copyright expires at the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which it is first made available to the public by an authorised act.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3) of this section, the circumstances in which a work may be made available to the public include,-

(a) In the case of a literary, dramatic, or musical work,-

(i) Performance in public:

(ii) Being broadcast:

(iii) Inclusion in a cable programme service:

(b) In the case of an artistic work,-

(i) Exhibition in public:

(ii) The playing or showing in public of a film that includes the work:

(iii) Inclusion in a broadcast:

(iv) Inclusion in a cable programme service.

(5) If-

(a) A work is of unknown authorship; and

(b) Copyright in the work has expired pursuant to subsection (3) of this section; and

subsection (1) of this section does not apply to revive copyright in the work.

(6) In relation to a work of joint authorship,-

(a) The reference in subsection (1) of this section to the death of the author shall be construed,-

(i) If the identity of all the authors is known, as a reference to the last of them to die:

(ii) If the identity of one or more, but not all, of the authors is known, as a reference to the death of the last of the authors whose identity is known; and

(b) The reference in subsection (5) of this section to the identity of the author becoming known shall be construed as a reference to the identity of any of the authors becoming known.

(7) This section does not apply to copyright in a work to which section 26 or section 28 of this Act applies.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 12 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 8 (1)

23. Duration of copyright in sound recordings and films-

(1) Copyright in a sound recording or film expires-

(a) At the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work is made; or

(b) If it is made available to the public by an authorised act before the end of that period, 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which it is so made available,-

whichever is the later.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) of this section, a sound recording or film is made available to the public when-

(a) The work is first-

(i) Published; or

(ii) Broadcast; or

(iii) Included in a cable programme service; or

(b) In the case of a film or film sound track,-

(i) The work is first shown in public; or

(ii) The work is first played in public.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 13 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, ss. 13 (3), 14 (3)

24. Duration of copyright in broadcasts and cable programmes-

(1) Copyright in a broadcast or a cable programme expires at the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the broadcast is made or the cable programme is included in a cable programme service.

(2) Copyright in a repeated broadcast or repeated cable programme expires at the same time as copyright in the initial broadcast or initial cable programme expires; and accordingly no copyright arises in respect of a repeated broadcast or repeated cable programme that is broadcast or, as the case requires, included in a cable programme service after the expiry of the copyright in the initial broadcast or, as the case requires, the initial cable programme.

(3) A repeated broadcast means a broadcast that is a repeat of a broadcast previously made.

(4) A repeated cable programme means a cable programme previously included in a cable programme service.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 14 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 15 (2), (3)

25. Duration of copyright in typographical arrangement of published editions-

Copyright in a typographical arrangement of a published edition expires at the end of the period of 25 years from the end of the calendar year in which the edition is first published.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 15 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 17 (2)

Crown Copyright

26. Crown copyright-

(1) Where a work is made by a person employed or engaged by the Crown under a contract of service, a contract of apprenticeship, or a contract for services,-

(a) The work qualifies for copyright notwithstanding section 17 (1) of this Act; and

(b) The Crown is the first owner of any copyright in the work.

(2) Copyright in such a work is referred to in this Act as "Crown copyright", notwithstanding that such copyright is assigned to another person.

(3) Crown copyright shall expire,-

(a) In the case of a typographical arrangement of a published edition, at the end of the period of 25 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work is made:

(b) In the case of any other work, at the end of the period of 100 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work is made.

(4) In the case of a work of joint authorship where one or more, but not all, of the authors are persons employed or engaged by the Crown under a contract of service, a contract of apprenticeship, or a contract for services, this section applies only in relation to those authors and the copyright existing by virtue of their contribution to the work.

(5) Subject to this section and to any other express provision of this Act, the provisions of this Act apply in relation to Crown copyright as to other copyright.

(6) Subsection (1) of this section applies subject to any agreement to the contrary.

(7) This section is subject to section 27 of this Act.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 163 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 52

27. No copyright in certain works-

(1) No copyright exists in any of the following works, whenever those works were made:

(a) Any Bill introduced into the House of Representatives:

(b) Any Act as defined in section 4 of the Acts Interpretation Act 1924:

(d) Any bylaw as defined in section 2 of the Bylaws Act 1910:

(e) The New Zealand Parliamentary Debates:

(f) Reports of select committees laid before the House of Representatives:

(g) Judgments of any court or tribunal:

(h) Reports of Royal commissions, commissions of inquiry, ministerial inquiries, or statutory inquiries.

(2) Subsection (1) of this section shall come into force on a date to be appointed by the Governor-General by Order in Council; and one or more Orders in Council may be made appointing different dates for different paragraphs of that subsection.

28. Copyright vesting in certain international organisations-

(1) Where an original work (being a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work or a film) is made by an officer or employee of, or is published by, an international organisation to which this section applies,-

(a) The work qualifies for copyright notwithstanding section 17 (1) of this Act; and

(b) The organisation is the first owner of any copyright in the work.

(2) The copyright of an international organisation under this section shall expire,-

(a) In the case of a typographical arrangement of a published edition, at the end of the period of 25 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work is made or such longer period as may be specified for the purposes of this paragraph pursuant to subsection (5) of this section:

(b) In the case of any other work, at the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work is made or such longer period as may be specified for the purposes of this paragraph pursuant to subsection (5) of this section.

(3) Subject to this section and to any other express provision of this Act, the provisions of this Act apply in relation to the copyright of an international organisation under this section.

(4) An international organisation to which this section applies shall be deemed to have, and to have had at all material times, the legal capacities of a body corporate for the purposes of holding, dealing with, and enforcing copyright and in connection with all legal proceedings relating to copyright.

(5) The Governor-General may from time to time, by Order in Council,-

(a) Declare that any international organisation is an international organisation to which this section applies:

(b) For the purposes of complying with any international obligation of New Zealand, specify a period for the purposes of paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of subsection (2) of this section.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 168 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 50

PART II
Infringement of Copyright

Primary Infringement of Copyright

29. Infringement of copyright-

(1) Copyright in a work is infringed by a person who, other than pursuant to a copyright licence, does any restricted act.

(2) References in this Act to the doing of a restricted act are to the doing of that act-

(a) In relation to the work as a whole or any substantial part of it; and

(b) Either directly or indirectly;-

and it is immaterial whether any intervening acts themselves infringe copyright.

(3) This Part of this Act is subject to Parts III and VIII of this Act.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 16 (2), (3), (4) (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 3 (1)

30. Infringement by copying-

The copying of a work is a restricted act in relation to every description of copyright work.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 17 (1) (U.K.)

31. Infringement by issue of copies to public-

The issue of copies of a work to the public is a restricted act in relation to every description of copyright work.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 18 (1) (U.K.)

32. Infringement by performance or playing or showing in public-

(1) The performance of a work in public is a restricted act only in relation to a literary, dramatic, or musical work.

(2) The playing or showing of a work in public is a restricted act only in relation to a sound recording, film, broadcast, or cable programme.

(3) Where copyright in a work is infringed by the performance, playing, or showing of the work in public by means of apparatus for receiving visual images or sounds conveyed by electronic or other means,-

(a) The person by whom the visual images or sounds are sent; and

(b) In the case of a performance, the performers-

shall not be regarded as responsible for the infringement.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3) of this section, a person who sends visual images or sounds does not include a person who retransmits visual images or sounds.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Acts 1988, s. 19 (1), (3), (4) (U.K.)

33. Infringement by broadcasting or inclusion in cable programme service-

The broadcasting of a work or its inclusion in a cable programme service is a restricted act only in relation to-

(a) A literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work:

(b) A sound recording or film:

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 20 (U.K.)

34. Infringement by making adaptation or act done in relation to adaptation-

(1) The making of an adaptation of a work is a restricted act only in relation to a literary, dramatic, or musical work.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) of this section, an adaptation is made when it is recorded, in writing or otherwise.

(3) The doing of any of the acts specified in any of sections 30 to 33 of this Act or in subsection (1) of this section, in relation to an adaptation of a work, is also a restricted act in relation to the literary, dramatic, or musical work from which the adaptation was made.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3) of this section, where the act done in relation to an adaptation of a work is an act specified in section 32 or section 33 of this Act, it is immaterial whether the adaptation has been recorded, in writing or otherwise, at the time the act is done.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 21 (1), (2) (U.K.)

Secondary Infringement of Copyright

35. Importing infringing copy-

Copyright in a work is infringed by a person who, other than pursuant to a copyright licence, imports into New Zealand, otherwise than for that person's private and domestic use, an object that is, and that the person knows or has reason to believe is, an infringing copy of the work.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 22 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, ss. 10 (2), 18 (2)

36. Possessing or dealing with infringing copy-

(a) Possesses in the course of a business; or

(b) In the course of a business or otherwise, sells or lets for hire; or

(d) In the course of a business, exhibits in public or distributes; or

(e) Distributes otherwise than in the course of a business to such an extent as to affect prejudicially the copyright owner-

an object that is, and that the person knows or has reason to believe is, an infringing copy of the work.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 23 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, ss. 10 (3), (4), 18 (3), (4)

37. Providing means for making infringing copies-

(1) Copyright in a work is infringed by a person who, other than pursuant to a copyright licence,-

(a) Makes; or

(b) Imports into New Zealand; or

(d) In the course of a business or otherwise, sells or lets for hire; or

(e) In the course of a business, offers or exposes for sale or hire-

an object specifically designed or adapted for making copies of that work, knowing or having reason to believe that the object is to be used to make such infringing copies.

(2) Copyright in a work is infringed by a person who, other than pursuant to a copyright licence, transmits the work by means of a telecommunications system (otherwise than by broadcasting or inclusion in a cable programme service), knowing or having reason to believe that infringing copies of the work will be made by means of the reception of the transmission in New Zealand or elsewhere.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 24 (U.K.)

38. Permitting use of premises for infringing performance-

(1) Where copyright in a literary, dramatic, or musical work is infringed by a performance at a place of public entertainment, any person who gave permission for that place to be used for the performance is also liable for the infringement unless, when the person gave that permission, he or she believed on reasonable grounds that the performance would not infringe copyright.

(2) In this section, the term "place of public entertainment" includes premises that are occupied mainly for purposes other than public entertainment but are from time to time made available for hire for the purposes of public entertainment.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 25 (U.K.)

39. Provision of apparatus for infringing performance, etc.-

(1) Where copyright in a work is infringed by a performance of the work in public, or by the playing or showing of the work in public, by means of apparatus for-

(a) Playing sound recordings; or

(b) Showing films; or

the persons described in subsections (2) to (4) of this section are also liable for the infringement.

(2) A person who supplied the apparatus, or any substantial part of it, is liable for the infringement if, when he or she supplied the apparatus or part,-

(a) He or she knew, or had reason to believe, that the apparatus was likely to be so used as to infringe copyright; or

(b) In the case of apparatus whose normal use involves a performance, playing, or showing in public, he or she had no reasonable grounds for believing that the apparatus would not be so used as to infringe copyright.

(3) An occupier of premises who gave permission for the apparatus to be brought onto the premises is liable for the infringement if, when the occupier gave that permission, he or she knew, or had reason to believe, that the apparatus was likely to be so used as to infringe copyright.

(4) A person who supplied a copy of a sound recording or film used to infringe copyright is liable for the infringement if, when the person supplied the copy, he or she knew, or had reason to believe, that the copy he or she supplied, or a copy made directly or indirectly from the copy, was likely to be so used as to infringe copyright.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 26 (U.K.)

PART III
Acts Permitted in relation to Copyright Works

40. Provisions to be construed independently-

The provisions of this Part of this Act are to be construed independently of one another so that the fact that an act is not permitted by one provision does not mean that it is not permitted by another provision.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 28 (4) (U.K.)

41. Incidental copying of copyright work-

(1) Copyright in a work is not infringed by-

(a) The incidental copying of the work in an artistic work, a sound recording, a film, a broadcast, or a cable programme; or

(b) The issue to the public of copies of an artistic work, the playing of a sound recording, the showing of a film, the making of a broadcast, or the inclusion of a cable programme in a cable programme service, in which a copyright work has been incidentally copied; or

(c) The issue to the public of copies of a sound recording, film, broadcast, or cable programme to which paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this subsection applies.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) of this section, a musical work, words spoken or sung with music, or so much of a sound recording, broadcast, or cable programme as includes a musical work or such words, shall not be regarded as incidentally copied in another work if the musical work or, as the case requires, such words or that sound recording, broadcast, or cable programme is deliberately copied.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 31 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 20 (3)

42. Criticism, review, and news reporting-

(1) Fair dealing with a work for the purposes of criticism or review, of that or another work or of a performance of a work, does not infringe copyright in the work if such fair dealing is accompanied by a sufficient acknowledgement.

(2) Fair dealing with a work for the purposes of reporting current events by means of a sound recording, film, broadcast, or cable programme does not infringe copyright in the work.

(3) Fair dealing with a work (other than a photograph) for the purposes of reporting current events by any means other than those referred to in subsection (2) of this section does not infringe copyright in the work if such fair dealing is accompanied by a sufficient acknowledgement.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 30 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, ss. 19 (2), (3), 20 (2), (3)

43. Research or private study-

(1) Fair dealing with a work for the purposes of research or private study does not infringe copyright in the work.

(2) For the avoidance of doubt, it is hereby declared that fair dealing with a published edition for the purposes of research or private study does not infringe copyright in either the typographical arrangement of the edition or any literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work or part of a work in the edition.

(3) In determining, for the purposes of subsection (1) of this section, whether copying, by means of a reprographic process or by any other means, constitutes fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, a court shall have regard to-

(a) The purpose of the copying; and

(b) The nature of the work copied; and

(d) The effect of the copying on the potential market for, or value of, the work; and

(e) Where part of a work is copied, the amount and substantiality of the part copied taken in relation to the whole work.

(4) Nothing in this section authorises the making of more than one copy of the same work, or the same part of a work, on any one occasion.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 29 (1), (2) (U.K.); Copyright Act 1968, s. 40 (1), (2) (Aust.); 1962, No. 33, ss. 19 (1), (5), 20 (1)

Education

44. Copying for educational purposes of literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works or typographical arrangements-

(1) Copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work or the typographical arrangement of a published edition is not infringed by the copying of the whole or part of the work or edition if-

(a) The copying is done by means of a reprographic process or by any other means; and

(b) The copying is done-

(i) In the course of preparation for instruction; or

(ii) For use in the course of instruction; or

(iii) In the course of instruction; and

(c) The copying is done by or on behalf of the person who is to give, or who is giving, a lesson at an educational establishment; and

(d) No more than one copy of the whole or part of the work or edition is made on any one occasion.

(2) Copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work or the typographical arrangement of a published edition is not infringed by the copying of the whole or part of the work or edition if-

(a) The copying is not done by means of a reprographic process; and

(b) The copying is done-

(i) In the course of preparation for instruction; or

(ii) For use in the course of instruction; or

(iii) In the course of instruction; or

(iv) After the course of instruction; and

(c) The copying is done by a person who is to give, is giving, or has given the lesson or by a person who is to receive, is receiving, or has received the lesson; and

(d) One or more copies of the whole or part of the work or edition is or are made on any one occasion.

(3) Copyright in a literary, dramatic, or musical work or the typographical arrangement of a published edition is not infringed by the copying of part of the work or edition if-

(a) The copying is done by means of a reprographic process or by any other means; and

(b) The copying is done for an educational purpose; and

(d) One or more copies of part of the work or edition is or are made on any one occasion; and

(e) No charge is made for the supply of a copy to any student or other person who is to receive, is receiving, or has received a lesson; and

(f) Subject to subsection (4) of this section, either,-

(i) In the period beginning with the commencement of this Act and ending with the close of the 31st day of December 1997, the copying is of no more than the greater of 5 percent of the work or edition or 5 pages of the work or edition; or

(ii) On and after the 1st day of January 1998, the copying is of no more than the greater of 3 percent of the work or edition or 3 pages of the work or edition.

(4) If the effect of subparagraph (i) or subparagraph (ii) of subsection (3) (f) of this section would be that the whole of a work or edition is copied, those subparagraphs shall not apply and the copying that is permitted under subsection (3) of this section shall be of no more than 50 percent of the whole work or edition.

(5) Copyright in an artistic work is not infringed by the copying, by means of a reprographic process or by any other means, of the whole or a part of that work if the artistic work is included within the part of any work or edition copied under subsection (3) of this section.

(6) Where any part of a work or edition is copied under subsection (3) of this section by or on behalf of an educational establishment,-

(a) That part of that work or edition may not, within 14 days of that copying, be copied again under that subsection by or on behalf of that educational establishment; and

(b) No other part of that work or edition may, within 14 days of that copying, be copied under that subsection by or on behalf of that educational establishment.

(7) In subsections (3) to (6) of this section,-

"Published edition" or "edition", in relation to a collective work, means that part of the edition containing each work or part of a work:

"Work", in relation to a collective work, means each of the works or parts of works in the collective work.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, ss. 32 (1), 36 (1) (U.K.)

45. Copying for educational purposes of films and sound recordings-

(1) Copyright in-

(a) Any work that is a sound recording, film, broadcast, or cable programme; or

(b) Any work included in a sound recording, film, broadcast, or cable programme-

is not infringed by the copying of that work in the circumstances set out in subsection (2) of this section.

(2) The circumstances referred to in subsection (1) of this section are-

(a) That the copying consists of or includes the making of a film or sound-track-

(i) In the course of preparation for instruction; or

(ii) For use in the course of instruction; or

(iii) In the course of instruction; or

(iv) After the course of instruction,-

where the lesson is on how to make films or film sound-tracks; and

(b) That the copying is done by or on behalf of a person who is to give, is giving, or has given the lesson or by or on behalf of a person who is to receive, is receiving, or has received the lesson; and

(c) That no charge is made for the supply of a copy to any student or other person who is to receive, is receiving, or has received the lesson.

(3) Copyright in-

(a) Any work that is a sound recording; or

(b) Any work included in a sound recording-

is not infringed by the copying of that work in the circumstances set out in subsection (4) of this section.

(4) The circumstances referred to in subsection (3) of this section are-

(a) That the copying is done-

(i) In the course of preparation for instruction; or

(ii) For use in the course of instruction; or

(iii) In the course of instruction; or

(iv) After the course of instruction,-

where the lesson-

(v) Relates to the learning of a language; or

(vi) Is conducted by correspondence; and

(c) That no charge is made for the supply of a copy to any student or other person who is to receive, is receiving, or has received the lesson.

(5) Subsections (3) and (4) of this section do not apply if or to the extent that licences authorising the copying of a work in the circumstances set out in subsection (4) of this section are available under a licensing scheme and the person doing the copying knew that fact.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 32 (2) (U.K.)

46. Anthologies for educational use-

(1) The copying of a short passage from a published work (being a literary, dramatic, or musical work) in a collection that-

(a) Is intended for use in educational establishments and is so described in its title, and in any advertisements issued by or on behalf of the publisher of that collection; and

(b) Consists mainly of material in which no copyright exists or in which copyright is owned by the publisher of that collection or the Crown-

does not infringe copyright in the work if-

(d) The passage is accompanied by a sufficient acknowledgement.

(2) Subsection (1) of this section does not authorise the copying of more than 2 passages from copyright works by the same author in collections published by the same publisher over any period of 5 years.

(3) In relation to any given passage, the reference in subsection (2) of this section to passages from copyright works by the same author-

(a) Shall be taken to include passages from collective works of which that author is one of the authors; and

(b) If the passage in question is from such a collective work, shall be taken to include passages from works by any of the authors, whether alone or in collaboration with another.

(4) References in this section to the use of a work in an educational establishment are to any use for the educational purposes of such an establishment.

(5) Subsection (1) of this section does not apply to a literary work that is a computer program.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 33 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 19 (6)

47. Performing, playing, or showing work in course of activities of educational establishment-

(1) The performance of a literary, dramatic, or musical work before an audience consisting of persons who are students or staff members at an educational establishment or are directly connected with the activities of the establishment-

(a) By a student or staff member in the course of the activities of the establishment; or

(b) At the establishment, by any person for the purposes of instruction,-

is not a performance in public for the purposes of section 32 (1) of this Act.

(2) The playing or showing, for the purposes of instruction, of a sound recording, film, broadcast, or cable programme before such an audience at an educational establishment is not a playing or showing of the work in public for the purposes of section 32 (2) of this Act.

(3) For the purposes of this section, a person shall not be treated as a person directly connected with the activities of an educational establishment by reason only that the person is a parent or guardian of a student at that educational establishment.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 34 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 21 (5)

48. Recording by educational establishments of broadcasts and cable programmes-

(1) A recording of a broadcast or cable programme, or a copy of such a recording, may be made by or on behalf of an educational establishment for the educational purposes of that establishment without infringing copyright in the broadcast or cable programme, or in any work included in it.

(2) This section does not apply if or to the extent that licences authorising the recording of a broadcast or cable programme by or on behalf of an educational establishment are available under a licensing scheme and the educational establishment knew that fact.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 35 (1), (2) (U.K.)

49. Things done for purposes of examination-

Copyright is not infringed by anything done for the purposes of an examination, whether by way of setting the questions, communicating the questions to the candidates, or answering the questions.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 32 (3) (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 21 (4) (b)

Libraries and Archives

50. Interpretation-

(1) In sections 51 to 56 of this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-

"Archive"-

(a) Means-

(i) The National Archives; or

(ii) The National Library; or

(iii) The sound archive maintained by Radio New Zealand Limited; or

(iv) The film archive maintained by Television New Zealand Limited; or

(v) The film archive maintained by the New Zealand Film Archive Incorporated; or

(vi) Any collection of documents (within the meaning of section 2 of the Official Information Act 1982) of historical significance or public interest that is in the custody of and being maintained by a body, whether incorporated or unincorporated, that does not keep and maintain the collection for the purpose of deriving a profit; and

(b) Includes, in relation only to its holding of public archives (within the meaning of section 2 of the Archives Act 1957), any other library, museum, or other body approved by the Minister of Internal Affairs to be a repository of archival material under section 19 of the Archives Act 1957:

"Prescribed library" means-

(a) The National Library; or

(b) The Parliamentary Library; or

(d) A library maintained by an educational establishment, government department, or local authority; or

(e) A library of any other class of library prescribed by regulations made under this Act, not being a library conducted for profit.

(2) In sections 51 to 56 of this Act, every reference to the librarian of a prescribed library or the archivist of an archive shall be read as including a person acting on behalf of the librarian or archivist.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 37 (6) (U.K.)

51. Copying by librarians of parts of published works-

(1) The librarian of a prescribed library may, if the conditions contained in subsection (2) of this section are complied with, make from a published edition (other than a published edition that is an article in a periodical), for supply to any person, a copy of a reasonable proportion of any literary, dramatic, or musical work, and may include in the copy any artistic work that appears within the proportion copied, without infringing copyright in the literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work or the typographical arrangement of the published edition.

(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) of this section are-

(a) That no person is supplied on the same occasion with more than one copy of the same material; and

(b) That, where any person to whom a copy is supplied is required to pay for the copy, the payment required is no higher than a sum consisting of the total of the cost of production of the copy and a reasonable contribution to the general expenses of the library.

(3) Where any person is supplied with, or otherwise comes into possession of, a copy made in accordance with this section, that person may use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study.

(4) This section does not apply to a literary work that is a computer program.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 39 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 21 (1)

52. Copying by librarians of articles in periodicals-

(1) The librarian of a prescribed library may, if the conditions contained in subsection (2) of this section are complied with, make for supply to any person a copy of-

(a) A literary, dramatic, or musical work, and any artistic work included in that work, that is contained in an article in a periodical; or

(b) A published edition that is an article in a periodical,-

without infringing copyright in the literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work or the typographical arrangement of the published edition.

(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) of this section are-

(a) That no person is supplied on the same occasion with more than one copy of the same article; and

(b) That no person is supplied on the same occasion with copies of more than one article contained in the same issue of a periodical, unless the copies supplied all relate to the same subject-matter; and

(c) That, where any person to whom a copy is supplied is required to pay for the copy, the payment required is no higher than a sum consisting of the total of the cost of production of the copy and a reasonable contribution to the general expenses of the library.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 38 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 21 (1)

53. Copying by librarians for users of other libraries-

(1) The librarian of a prescribed library may, if the condition contained in subsection (2) of this section is complied with, make from a published edition, for supply to another prescribed library, a copy of,-

(a) Subject to paragraph (b) of this subsection, a reasonable proportion of any literary, dramatic, or musical work (and the librarian may include in the copy any artistic work that appears within the proportion copied):

(b) In relation to a literary, dramatic, or musical work that is contained in an article in a periodical,-

(i) The whole article and any artistic work included in that article; and

(ii) If there is any other article in the same issue of the periodical relating to the same subject-matter as the first article copied, the whole of that other article and any artistic work included in that article,-

without infringing copyright in the literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work or the typographical arrangement of the published edition.

(2) The condition referred to in subsection (1) of this section is that a person has requested the library to which the copy is being supplied to supply him or her with the copy for the purposes of research or private study.

(4) This section does not apply to a literary work that is a computer program.

54. Copying by librarians for collections of other libraries-

(1) The librarian of a prescribed library may, if the conditions contained in subsection (2) of this section are complied with, make a copy of a literary, dramatic, or musical work and any artistic work included in the work, where the copy is-

(a) From a published edition that is a book; and

(b) For supply to the librarian of another prescribed library,-

without infringing copyright in the literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work or the typographical arrangement of the published edition.

(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) of this section are that the librarian to whom the copy of the work is supplied-

(a) Has been unable to obtain the work at an ordinary commercial price within the 6 months preceding the supply; and

(b) Makes and keeps a record sufficient to identify the work copied; and

(d) Pays, on demand, equitable remuneration to the copyright owner for the work copied.

(3) In subsection (2) (d) of this section, the term "equitable remuneration" means a sum agreed by the librarian and the copyright owner or, in the absence of agreement, a sum determined by the Tribunal on an application under section 168 of this Act.

(4) This section does not apply to a literary work that is a computer program.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 41 (U.K.); 1962, No. 3, s. 21 (2)

55. Copying by librarians or archivists to replace copies of works-

(1) The librarian of a prescribed library or the archivist of an archive may make a copy of any item in the collection of the library or archive for the purposes of-

(a) Preserving or replacing that item by placing the copy in the collection of the library or archive in addition to or in place of the item; or

(b) Replacing in the collection of another prescribed library or archive an item that has been lost, destroyed, or damaged,-

without infringing copyright in any work included in the item.

(2) Subsection (1) of this section applies only where it is not reasonably practicable to purchase a copy of the item in question to fulfil the purpose.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 42 (U.K.)

56. Copying by librarians or archivists of certain unpublished works-

(1) The librarian of a prescribed library or the archivist of an archive may, if the conditions contained in subsection (3) of this section are complied with, copy for supply to any person a copy of an unpublished work in the library or archive, without infringing copyright in that work.

(2) This section does not apply if the copyright owner has prohibited copying of the work and at the time the copy is made the librarian or archivist making it is, or ought to be, aware of that fact.

(3) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) of this section are-

(a) That no person is supplied on the same occasion with more than one copy of the same work; and

(4) Where any person is supplied with, or otherwise comes into possession of, a copy made in accordance with this section, that person may use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study.

(5) The provisions of this section do not apply to the sound archive maintained by Radio New Zealand Limited, the film archive maintained by Television New Zealand Limited, or the film archive maintained by the New Zealand Film Archive Incorporated.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 43 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 21 (3)

57. Playing or showing sound recordings or films-

(1) The sound archive maintained by Radio New Zealand Limited may play a sound recording held in the archive to an audience consisting of members of the public, without infringing copyright in the sound recording or in any work included in the sound recording, if the condition contained in subsection (3) of this section is complied with.

(2) The film archive maintained by Television New Zealand Limited or by the New Zealand Film Archive Incorporated may show a film, and play any sound recording associated with the film, held in the archive to an audience consisting of members of the public, without infringing copyright in the film or in any sound recording associated with the film or in any work included in the film or sound recording, if the condition contained in subsection (3) of this section is complied with.

(3) The condition referred to in subsections (1) and (2) of this section is that, where any person is required to pay to-

(a) Hear any sound recording played under subsection (1) of this section; or

(b) See any film shown, and hear any sound recording associated with the film played, under subsection (2) of this section,-

the payment required is no more than a reasonable contribution towards the maintenance of the archive in which the sound recording or film is held.

(4) This section does not apply if or to the extent that licences authorising the playing of a sound recording, or the showing of a film and the playing of a sound recording associated with the film, by an archive to which this section applies are available and if the archive knew that fact.

Public Administration

58. Copying by Parliamentary Library for members of Parliament-

(1) An officer of the Parliamentary Library may, if the conditions contained in subsection (3) of this section are complied with, supply to any member of Parliament a copy of a literary or dramatic work, and any artistic work included in that work, without infringing copyright in that literary, dramatic, or artistic work or the typographical arrangement of a published edition.

(2) An officer of the Parliamentary Library may, if the conditions contained in subsection (3) of this section are complied with, supply to any member of Parliament a recording of a broadcast or cable programme or a transcript of a recording of the broadcast or cable programme, without infringing copyright in the broadcast or cable programme or any work included in that broadcast or cable programme.

(3) The conditions referred to in subsections (1) and (2) of this section are-

(a) That no member of Parliament is supplied on the same occasion with more than one copy or recording or transcript, as the case may be, of the same material; and

(b) That the copy or recording or transcript is required by that member of Parliament for the purposes of performing his or her duties as such a member.

59. Parliamentary and judicial proceedings-

(1) Copyright is not infringed by anything done for the purposes parliamentary or judicial proceedings.

(2) Copyright is not infringed by anything done for the purposes of reporting parliamentary or judicial proceedings.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 45 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, ss. 19 (4), 20 (7)

60. Royal commissions and statutory inquiries-

(1) Copyright is not infringed by anything done for the purposes of the proceedings of a Royal commission, commission of inquiry, ministerial inquiry, or statutory inquiry.

(2) Copyright is not infringed by anything done for the purposes of reporting any proceedings of a Royal commission, commission of inquiry, ministerial inquiry, or statutory inquiry that are held in public.

(3) Copyright in a work is not infringed by the issue to the public of copies of the report of a Royal commission, commission of inquiry, ministerial inquiry, or statutory inquiry containing the work or material from it.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 46 (U.K.)

61. Material open to public inspection or on official register-

(1) Subject to any Order in Council made under subsection (4) of this section, where material is open to public inspection or public reference pursuant to a statutory requirement, or is on a statutory register, copyright in the material is not infringed by the copying of the material, by or with the authority of the appropriate person, for a purpose that does not involve the issuing of copies to the public.

(2) Subject to any Order in Council made under subsection (4) of this section, where material is open to public inspection or public reference pursuant to a statutory requirement, copyright is not infringed by the copying or issuing to the public of copies of the material, by or with the authority of the appropriate person, for the purpose of enabling the material to be inspected at a more convenient time or place or otherwise facilitating the exercise of any right for the purpose of which the requirement is imposed.

(3) Subject to any Order in Council made under subsection (4) of this section, where material that is open to public inspection or public reference pursuant to a statutory requirement, or that is on a statutory register, contains information about matters of general scientific, technical, commercial, or economic interest, copyright is not infringed by the copying or issuing to the public of copies of the material, by or with the authority of the appropriate person, for the purpose of disseminating that information.

(4) The Governor-General may from time to time, by Order in Council, provide that all or any of subsections (1) to (3) of this section shall, in such cases as may be specified in the order, apply only to copies marked in such manner as may be so specified.

(5) The Governor-General may from time to time, by Order in Council, provide that all or any of subsections (1) to (3) of this section apply, to such extent and with such modifications as may be specified in the order, in relation to-

(a) Material made open to public inspection or public reference by-

(i) An international organisation specified in the order; or

(ii) A person specified in the order who has functions in New Zealand under an international agreement to which New Zealand is a party; or

(b) A register maintained by an international organisation specified in the order,-

as those provisions apply in relation to material open to public inspection or public reference pursuant to a statutory requirement or by virtue of being on a statutory register.

(6) In this section,-

"Appropriate person" means the person required to make the material open to public inspection or public reference or, as the case may be, the person maintaining the register:

"Statutory register" means a register maintained pursuant to a statutory requirement:

"Statutory requirement" means a requirement imposed by a provision of an enactment.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, ss. 47, 49 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 61

62. Material communicated to the Crown in course of public business-

(1) This section applies where-

(a) A literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work has, in the course of public business, been communicated to the Crown for any purpose, by or with the licence of the copyright owner; and

(b) A document (within the meaning of section 2 of the Official Information Act 1982) recording or embodying the work is owned by, or is in the custody or control of, the Crown.

(2) The Crown may, for-

(a) The purpose for which the work was communicated to the Crown; or

(b) Any related purpose that could reasonably have been anticipated by the copyright owner,-

copy the work, and issue copies of the work to the public, without infringing copyright in the work.

(3) The Crown may not copy a work, or issue copies of a work to the public, under this section if the work has previously been published otherwise than under this section.

(4) In subsection (1) of this section, the term "public business" includes any activity carried on by the Crown.

(5) This section has effect subject to any agreement to the contrary between the Crown and the copyright owner.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 48 (U.K.)

63. Use of copyright material for services of the Crown-

(1) Copyright in a work is not infringed by anything done in relation to the work, by or on behalf of the Crown or any person authorised in writing by a government department,-

(a) For the purpose of national security or during a period of emergency; or

(b) In the interests of the safety or health of the public or any members of the public.

(2) Where any act is done under subsection (1) of this section, the Crown shall be liable to pay, out of money appropriated by Parliament for the purpose, equitable remuneration to the copyright owner upon such terms as may be agreed upon between the Crown and the copyright owner or, in the absence of agreement, upon such terms as shall be determined by the Tribunal.

(3) No act to which subsection (1) of this section applies shall-

(a) Constitute publication of a work; or

(b) Affect the term of copyright in a work.

Cf. 1962, No. 33, s. 53 (1), (3), (4)

64. Rights of third parties in respect of Crown use-

(1) No provision of any assignment or licence in force between the copyright owner and a person other than a government department shall be effective to prevent any act being done in relation to a copyright work, where that act is done under section 63 of this Act.

(2) Where-

(a) An act is done under section 63 of this Act; and

(b) An exclusive licence is in force in respect of the work in relation to which the act is done,-

the Crown shall be liable to pay, out of money appropriated by Parliament for the purpose, equitable remuneration to the licensee upon such terms as may be agreed between the Crown and the licensee or, in the absence of agreement, upon such terms as shall be determined by the Tribunal.

(3) Where-

(a) A person has a right in relation to a work, by any licence other than an exclusive licence; and

(b) A payment is made, in respect of that work, under section 63 of this Act to the copyright owner or under subsection (2) of this section to the exclusive licensee,-

the person is entitled to recover from the owner or exclusive licensee, as the case may be, such part of any payment as may be agreed between that person and the copyright owner or the exclusive licensee, as the case may be, or, in the absence of agreement, as shall be determined by the Tribunal.

Cf. 1962, No. 33, s. 54

65. Proceedings against the Crown-

(1) Where any employee or agent of the Crown infringes copyright in a work, and the infringement is committed with the authority of the Crown, civil proceedings in respect of the infringement shall, subject to this Act, lie against the Crown under the Crown Proceedings Act 1950.

(2) Nothing in subsection (1) of this section shall affect the rights of the Crown, or any person authorised by a government department, under section 63 of this Act.

Cf. 1962, No. 33, s. 55 (1), (2)

66. Acts done under statutory authority-

(1) Where the doing of a particular act is specifically authorised by an enactment, the doing of that act does not infringe copyright, unless the enactment provides otherwise.

(2) Nothing in this section shall be construed as excluding any defence of statutory authority otherwise available under or pursuant to any enactment.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 50 (U.K.)

Literary, Dramatic, Musical, or Artistic Works

67. Acts permitted on assumptions as to expiry of copyright or death of author in relation to anonymous or pseudonymous works-

(1) Copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work is not infringed by any act done at a time when, or in pursuance of arrangements made at a time when,-

(a) It is not possible for a person who wishes to do so to ascertain the identity of the author by reasonable inquiry; and

(b) It is reasonable to assume-

(i) That copyright has expired; or

(ii) That the author died 50 years or more before the beginning of the calendar year in which the act is done or the arrangements are made.

(2) Subsection (1) (b) (ii) of this section does not apply in relation to-

(a) A work in which Crown copyright exists under section 26 of this Act; or

(b) A work-

(i) In which copyright originally vested in an international organisation under section 28 of this Act; and

(ii) In respect of which an order made under that section specifies a copyright period longer than 50 years.

(3) In relation to a work of joint authorship,-

(a) The reference in subsection (1) (a) of this section to its being possible to ascertain the identity of the author shall be construed as a reference to its being possible to ascertain the identity of any of the authors; and

(b) The reference in subsection (1) (b) (ii) of this section to the author having died shall be construed as a reference to all the authors having died.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 57 (U.K.)

68. Use of recording of spoken words in certain cases-

(1) Where a recording of spoken words is made, in writing or otherwise, for the purpose of-

(a) Reporting current events; or

(b) Broadcasting or including in a cable programme service the whole or part of the work,-

it is not an infringement of copyright in the words as a literary work to use the recording or material taken from it (or to copy the recording, or any such material, and use the copy) for that purpose, if the conditions in subsection (2) of this section are complied with.

(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) of this section are that-

(a) The recording is a direct record of the spoken words and is not taken from a previous recording or from a broadcast or cable programme; and

(b) The making of the recording was not prohibited by the speaker and, where copyright already existed in the work, did not infringe copyright; and

(c) The use made of the recording or material taken from it is not of a kind prohibited by or on behalf of the speaker or copyright owner before the recording was made; and

(d) The use is by or with the authority of a person who is lawfully in possession of the recording.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 58 (U.K.)

69. Provision of Braille copies of literary or dramatic works-

(1) A body prescribed by regulations made under this Act may, if the conditions contained in subsection (2) of this section are complied with, make copies or adaptations of published literary or dramatic works for the purpose of providing persons who have a print disability with copies that are in Braille or otherwise modified for their special needs, without infringing copyright in those literary or dramatic works.

(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) of this section are-

(a) That the prescribed body has made reasonable efforts to obtain a copy of the complete work, in Braille or otherwise modified as required by the person or persons to whom it is to be provided, within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price, but has been unable to do so; and

(b) That the copies are provided only to persons having a print disability; and

(c) That, where any body makes a copy or adaptation of a published literary or dramatic work under this section, the body shall, as soon as is reasonably practicable, take all reasonable steps to notify the owner of the copyright in the work of the making of the copy or adaptation; and

(d) That, where any person to whom a copy is provided is required to pay for the copy, the payment required is no higher than a sum consisting of the total cost of the production of the copy and a reasonable contribution to the general expenses of the prescribed body.

(3) A body shall not be prescribed for the purposes of subsection (1) of this section if it is established or conducted for profit.

(4) For the purposes of this section, a person has a print disability if he or she-

(a) Is blind; or

(b) Suffers severe impairment of his or her sight; or

(d) Is unable to focus or move his or her eyes; or

(e) Suffers a handicap with respect to visual perception.

70. Public reading or recitation-

(1) The reading in public or recitation in public by one person of a reasonable extract from a published literary or dramatic work shall not be treated as a performance in public for the purposes of section 32 (1) of this Act, if that reading or recitation is accompanied by a sufficient acknowledgement.

(2) Copyright in a work is not infringed by the making of a sound recording, or the broadcasting or inclusion in a cable programme, of a reading or recitation that pursuant to subsection (1) of this section is not treated as a performance in public, if the recording, broadcast, or cable programme consists mainly of material in relation to which it is not necessary to rely on that subsection.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 59 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 19 (8)

71. Abstracts of scientific or technical articles-

Where an article on a scientific or technical subject is published in a periodical accompanied by an abstract indicating the contents of the article, it is not an infringement of copyright in the abstract, or in the article, to copy the abstract or issue copies of the abstract to the public.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 60 (1) (U.K.)

72. Recordings of folk-songs-

(1) A sound recording of a performance of a song may be made for the purpose of including the song in an archive maintained by a body prescribed by regulations made under this Act, without infringing copyright in the words as a literary work or in the accompanying musical work, if the conditions in subsection (2) of this section are complied with.

(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) of this section are that-

(a) The words are unpublished and of unknown authorship at the time the recording is made; and

(b) The making of the recording does not infringe any other copyright; and

(3) Copies of a sound recording made in reliance on subsection (1) of this section and included in an archive maintained by a body prescribed by regulations made under this Act may, if the condition contained in subsection (4) of this section is complied with, be made and supplied by the archivist without infringing copyright in the recording or the works included in it.

(4) The condition referred to in subsection (3) of this section is that no person is furnished with more than one copy of the same recording.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 61 (U.K.)

73. Representation of certain artistic works on public display-

(1) This section applies to the following works:

(a) Buildings:

(b) Works (being sculptures, models for buildings, or works of artistic craftsmanship) that are permanently situated in a public place or in premises open to the public.

(2) Copyright in a work to which this section applies is not infringe by-

(a) Copying the work by making a graphic work representing it; or

(b) Copying the work by making a photograph or film of it; or

(3) Copyright is not infringed by the issue to the public of copies, or the broadcasting or inclusion in a cable programme, of anything whose making was, under this section, not an infringement of copyright.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 62 (U.K.)

74. Special exception from protection of literary or artistic works-

(1) The making of any object in 3 dimensions (including, subject to subsection (2) of this section, a copy in 2 dimensions reasonably required for the making of the object) does not infringe copyright in a literary or artistic work, if the work or a copy of it forms part of-

(a) A patent specification that-

(i) Is open to public inspection in the New Zealand Patent Office in respect of a New Zealand patent that, for any reason, has ceased to have effect; and

(ii) Is used for the purpose of making the object; or

(b) A representation or specimen of a design that-

(i) Is open to public inspection in the New Zealand Patent Office in respect of a design for which registered protection in New Zealand has ceased; and

(ii) Is used for the purpose of making the object.

(2) Subsection (1) of this section does not authorise-

(a) The making of a copy in 2 dimensions of an artistic work-

(i) To which subsection (1) of this section applies; and

(ii) That is in 2 dimensions,-

where the copy is made directly from that artistic work; or

(b) The making of a copy of a literary work to which subsection (1) of this section applies, where the copy is made directly from that literary work.

(3) Where a patent that has ceased to have effect is restored by an order made under section 35 of the Patents Act 1953, nothing done pursuant to subsection (1) of this section in the period beginning with the day on which the patent ceased to have effect and ending with the close of the day on which the order is made shall constitute an infringement of copyright in any literary or artistic work or copy of the work forming part of the patent specification.

Cf. 1962, No. 33, s. 20A; 1985, No. 134, s. 4

75. Special exception from protection of artistic work that has been applied industrially-

(1) The making of-

(a) Any object in 3 dimensions; or

(b) Subject to subsection (3) of this section, a copy in 2 dimensions reasonably required for the making of the object-

does not infringe copyright in an artistic work if, when the object or copy is made, the artistic work has been applied industrially, in New Zealand or in any other country, by or with the licence of the copyright owner,-

(d) In the case of a sculpture that is a cast or pattern for an object that has a primarily utilitarian function, more than 16 years before the object or copy is made:

(e) Subject to subsection (2) of this section, in the case of any other artistic work, more than 16 years before the object or copy is made.

(2) Subsection (1) of this section does not apply to-

(a) A sculpture that is not a cast or pattern for an object that has a primarily utilitarian function; or

(b) A work of architecture, being a building or a model for a building.

(3) Subsection (1) of this section does not authorise the making of a copy in 2 dimensions of an artistic work that is in 2 dimensions, where the copy is made directly from that artistic work.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (1) of this section, an artistic work is applied industrially if-

(a) More than 50 copies in 3 dimensions are made of the work, for the purposes of sale or hire; or

(b) The work is copied in 3 dimensions in one or more objects manufactured in lengths, for the purposes of sale or hire; or

(i) More than 50 copies of an object in 3 dimensions for the purpose of sale or hire; or

(ii) One or more objects in 3 dimensions manufactured in lengths for the purposes of sale or hire.

(5) For the purposes of subsection (4) of this section, 2 or more copies in 3 dimensions that are of the same general character and intended for use together are a single copy.

Cf. 1962, No. 33, s. 20b; 1985, No. 134, s. 5

76. Special exception from protection of literary and artistic works relating to medicines-

The copying or adaptation or publication of a literary work or an artistic work does not infringe copyright in that work if that work-

(a) Relates to a medicine that has been imported by the Crown pursuant to section 32a of the Medicines Act 1981; and

(b) Has been made, copied, published, adapted, or distributed, in an overseas country, by or with the licence of the owner of the copyright in the work in that country.

Cf. 1962, No. 33, s. 20c; 1990, No. 71, s. 5

77. Making of subsequent works by same artist-

Where the author of an artistic work is not the copyright owner, he or she does not infringe copyright in that work by copying the work in making another artistic work, if the main design of the earlier work is not repeated or imitated.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 64 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 20 (9)

78. Reconstruction of buildings-

Anything done for the purposes of reconstructing a building does not infringe copyright-

(a) In the building; or

(b) In any drawings or plans in accordance with which the building was, by or with the licence of the copyright owner, constructed.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 65 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 20 (10)

Computer Programs, Sound Recordings, and Films

79. Rental by educational establishments and libraries-

Copyright in a work (being a computer program, sound recording, or film) is not infringed by the rental of that work to any person by an educational establishment or a prescribed library within the meaning of section 50 of this Act, where-

(a) The educational establishment or prescribed library does not effect the rental of the work for the purposes of making a profit; and

(b) The work that is the subject of the rental has previously been put into circulation with the licence of the copyright owner.

80. Back-up copy of computer program-

(1) Subject to subsection (3) of this section, copyright in a computer program is not infringed by the making of a copy of the computer program if-

(a) The copy is made by or on behalf of the lawful user of the copy of the program (in this section referred to as the "original copy") from which the first-mentioned copy is made; and

(b) The copy is made solely for the purpose of being used by or on behalf of the lawful user of the original copy-

(i) Instead of the original copy in order to preserve the original copy for use if the copy is lost, destroyed, or rendered unusable; or

(ii) If the original copy is lost, destroyed, or rendered unusable.

(2) If the original copy is lost, destroyed, or rendered unusable, the copy made pursuant to subsection (1) of this section shall be deemed for the purposes of this section to be the original copy.

(3) Subsection (1) of this section does not apply to the making of a copy of a computer program-

(a) From an infringing copy of the computer program; or

(b) Contrary to an express direction by or on behalf of the owner of the copyright in the computer program given to the lawful user of the original copy not later than the time when the lawful user of the original copy acquired that original copy.

(4) For the purposes of this section,-

(a) A reference to a computer program includes a reference to an adaptation of that program; and

(b) A reference to a copy of a computer program is a reference to any object in which the program is reproduced in a material form; and

(c) A reference to an express direction, in relation to a copy of a computer program, includes a reference to a clearly legible direction printed on the copy or on a package in which the copy is supplied.

Cf. Copyright Act 1968, s. 43a (Aust.)

81. Playing of sound recordings for purposes of club, society, etc.-

(1) It is not an infringement of copyright in a sound recording to play the sound recording as part of the activities of, or for the benefit of, a club, society, or other organisation, if the conditions contained in subsection (2) of this section are complied with.

(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) of this section are-

(a) That the club, society, or organisation is not established or conducted for profit; and

(b) That the main objects of the club, society, or organisation are charitable or are otherwise concerned with the advancement of religion, education, or social welfare; and

(c) That the proceeds of any charge for admission to the place where the recording is to be heard are applied solely for the purposes of the club, society, or organisation.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 67 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 13 (6)

Broadcasts and Cable Programmes

82. Recording for purposes of maintaining standards in broadcasts and cable programmes-

The making of a recording of a broadcast or cable programme does not infringe copyright in the broadcast or cable programme, or in any work included in the broadcast or cable programme, if the recording is made by the author of the broadcast or cable programme solely for the purpose of checking on the maintenance of standards in programmes broadcast by the author or, as the case may be, cable programmes transmitted by the author.

83. Recording for purposes of complaining-

(1) The making of a recording of a broadcast or cable programme solely for the purpose of enabling the person who made the recording to prepare and despatch a complaint, including the recording, to any person or body having responsibility for dealing with complaints about the content of broadcasts or cable programmes or advertising contained in broadcasts or cable programmes does not infringe copyright in the broadcast or cable programme or in any work included in the broadcast or cable programme.

(2) A recording that is-

(a) Made under subsection (1) of this section; and

(b) Retained for any longer than is reasonably necessary to enable the person who made the recording to prepare and despatch the complaint-

infringes copyright in the broadcast or cable programme recorded and in any work included in the recording, and shall be treated as an infringing copy.

84. Recording for purposes of time shifting-

(1) The making for private and domestic use of a recording of a broadcast or cable programme solely for the purpose of enabling the recording to be viewed or listened to at a more convenient time does not infringe copyright in the broadcast or cable programme or in any work included in the broadcast or cable programme.

(2) A recording that is-

(a) Made under subsection (1) of this section; and

(b) Retained for any longer than is necessary-

(i) To enable the recording to be viewed or listened to at a more convenient time; and

(ii) If the person who viewed or listened to the recording wishes to make a complaint, to enable that person to prepare and despatch a complaint, including the recording, to any person or body having responsibility for dealing with complaints about the content of broadcasts or cable programmes or advertising contained in broadcasts or cable programmes-

infringes copyright in the broadcast or cable programme recorded and in any work included in the recording, and shall be treated as an infringing copy.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 70 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 15 (4) (a), (b)

85. Incidental recording for purposes of broadcast or cable programme-

(1) This section applies where, under an assignment or licence, a person is authorised to broadcast or include in a cable programme service-

(a) A literary, dramatic, or musical work, or an adaptation of such a work; or

(b) An artistic work; or

(2) Where this section applies, the person so authorised may, without the consent of the copyright owner but only if the conditions contained in subsection (3) of this section are complied with, do or authorise the doing of any of the following acts for the purposes of the broadcast or cable programme:

(a) In the case of a literary, dramatic, or musical work, or an adaptation of such a work, copy the work or adaptation by making a sound recording or film of the work or adaptation:

(b) In the case of an artistic work, copy the work by taking a photograph or making a film of the work:

(3) The conditions referred to in subsection (2) of this section are-

(a) That the recording, film, photograph, or copy is not used for any other purpose; and

(b) That the recording, film, photograph, or copy is destroyed within 6 months of being first used for broadcasting the work or, as the case may be, including the work in a cable programme, unless the Minister has authorised the preservation of any recording, film, photograph, or copy in the records of a government department or in the National Archives because of its documentary character or exceptional importance.

(4) A recording, film, photograph, or copy made in accordance with this section shall be treated as an infringing copy-

(a) For the purposes of any use in breach of the condition contained in subsection (3) (a) of this section; and

(b) For all purposes after either of the conditions contained in subsection (3) of this section is broken.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 68 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 19 (9), (10)

86. Photographs of television broadcasts or cable programme-

(a) A television broadcast or cable programme; or

(b) Any film included in that broadcast or programme-

is not infringed by the copying for private and domestic use of the whole or any part of an image forming part of the television broadcast or cable programme by-

(d) The making of a copy of such a photograph.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 71 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 15 (4) (a)

87. Free public playing or showing of broadcast or cable programme-

(1) The playing in public or showing in public of a broadcast (other than a broadcast to which subsections (4) to (7) of this section apply) or cable programme to an audience who have not paid for admission to the place where the broadcast or cable programme is to be heard or seen does not infringe any copyright in-

(a) The broadcast or cable programme; or

(b) Any sound recording or film included in the broadcast or programme.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) of this section, the audience shall be treated as having paid for admission to a place-

(a) If they have paid for admission to a place of which that place forms part; or

(b) If goods or services are supplied at that place, or a place of which that place forms part,-

(i) At prices that are substantially attributable to the facilities afforded for hearing or seeing the broadcast or cable programme; or

(ii) At prices exceeding those usually charged there and that are partly attributable to those facilities; or

(c) If the place is a hotel, motel, camping ground, or any other place that admits persons for a fee for the purposes of obtaining accommodation of a temporary nature and they are persons residing at the hotel, motel, camping ground, or other place.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (1) of this section, the following persons shall not be treated as having paid for admission to a place:

(a) Persons admitted as residents or inmates of a place (other than a hotel, motel, camping ground, or other place to which subsection (2) (c) of this section applies):

(b) Persons admitted as members of a club or society where the payment is only for membership of the club or society and the provision of facilities for hearing or seeing broadcasts or cable programmes is only incidental to the main purposes of the club or society.

(4) Subsections (5) to (7) of this section apply in respect of the playing or showing of a broadcast-

(a) That is made for reception in the area in which it is played or shown; and

(b) That is not a satellite transmission or an encrypted transmission; and

(5) The playing in public or showing in public of a broadcast to which subsection (4) of this section applies to an audience who have not paid for admission to the place where the broadcast is to be heard or seen does not infringe any copyright in-

(a) The broadcast; or

(b) Any sound recording or film included in the broadcast.

(6) For the purposes of subsection (5) of this section, the audience shall be treated as having paid for admission to a place-

(a) If they have paid for admission to a place of which that place forms part; or

(b) If goods or services are supplied at that place, or a place of which that place forms part,-

(i) At prices that are substantially attributable to the facilities afforded for hearing or seeing the broadcast; or

(ii) At prices exceeding those usually charged there and that are partly attributable to those facilities.

(7) For the purposes of subsection (5) of this section, the following persons shall not be treated as having paid for admission to a place:

(a) Persons admitted as residents or inmates of a place (including, without limitation, persons residing in a hotel, motel, camping ground, or any other place that admits persons for a fee for the purposes of obtaining accommodation of a temporary nature):

(8) Where the making of the broadcast or inclusion of the programrne in a cable programme service was an infringement of the copyright in a sound recording or film, the fact that the broadcast or programme was heard or seen in public by the reception of the broadcast or cable programme shall be taken into account in assessing the damages for that infringement.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 72 (U.K.)

88. Reception and retransmission of broadcast in cable programme service-

(1) This section applies where a broadcast made from a place in New Zealand is, by reception and immediate retransmission, included in a cable programme service.

(2) Where this section applies,-

(a) Copyright in the broadcast is not infringed if and to the extent that the broadcast-

(i) Is made for reception in the area in which the cable programme service is provided; and

(ii) Is not a satellite transmission or an encrypted transmission:

(b) Copyright in any work included in the broadcast is not infringed if and to the extent that the broadcast is made for reception in the area in which the cable programme service is provided:

(c) Where the making of the broadcast was an infringement of the copyright in any work included in the broadcast, the fact that the broadcast was retransmitted as a programme in a cable programme service shall be taken into account in assessing the damages for that infringement.

(3) This section does not apply if or to the extent that licences authorising the reception and immediate retransmission of a broadcast and any work included in the broadcast are available to the person providing the cable programme service under a licensing scheme and the person providing the cable programme service knew that fact.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 73 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 60

89. Provision of subtitled copies of broadcast or cable programme-

(1) A body prescribed by regulations made under this Act may, for the purpose of providing people who are deaf or hard of hearing, or physically or mentally handicapped in any other way, with copies that are subtitled or otherwise modified for their special needs, make copies of television broadcasts or cable programmes and issue copies to the public, without infringing any copyright in the broadcasts or programmes or works included in those broadcasts or programmes.

(2) A body shall not be prescribed for the purposes of subsection (1) of this section if it is established or conducted for profit.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 74 (U.K.)

90. Recording for archival purposes-

(1) A recording of a broadcast or cable programme of a class prescribed by regulations made under this Act, or a copy of such a recording, may be made for the purpose of being placed in an archive maintained by a body prescribed by regulations made under this Act, without infringing copyright in the broadcast or programme or in any work included in the broadcast or programme.

(2) A body shall not be prescribed for the purposes of subsection (1) of this section if it is established or conducted for profit.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 75 (U.K.)

91. Recording by media monitors-

(1) A person who-

(a) Makes a recording of a broadcast or cable programme, being a broadcast or cable programme that consists wholly or substantially of news or reports or discussions of current events; or

(b) Makes a transcript of such a recording-

does not infringe copyright in the broadcast or cable programme or in any work included in the broadcast or cable programme, if the conditions contained in subsection (2) of this section are complied with.

(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) of this section are-

(a) That the recording-

(i) Is played solely to enable the making of a transcript of it; and

(ii) Is destroyed as soon as is reasonably practicable after the transcript is made and not later than one month after the recording is made; and

(b) That the transcript of the recording is made only-

(i) By or on behalf of the person who made the recording; and

(ii) For the use of that person or in response to a request from another person for a transcript of the recording; and

(i) By or on behalf of the person who made the recording; and

(ii) For the use of that person or in response to a request from another person for a copy of a transcript of the recording; and

(d) That the person who made the recording pays equitable remuneration to the copyright owner.

(3) In subsection (2) (d) of this section, the term "equitable remuneration" means a sum agreed by the person who makes the recording and the copyright owner or, in the absence of agreement, a sum determined by the Tribunal on an application under section 168 of this Act.

(4) This section does not apply if or to the extent that licences authorising the recording of broadcasts or cable programmes and the making of transcripts of the recordings are available under a licensing scheme and the person making the recording knew that fact.

Adaptations

92. Adaptations-

An act that under this Act may be done without infringing copyright in a literary, dramatic, or musical work does not, where that work is an adaptation, infringe any copyright in the work from which the adaptation was made.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 76 (U.K.)

Subsequent Dealings

93. Subsequent dealings with copies made under this Part-

(1) Where a copy that would otherwise be an infringing copy-

(a) Is either-

(i) Made in accordance with any of the provisions of this Act referred to in subsection (2) of this section; or

(ii) Made in accordance with any of the provisions of this Act referred to in subsection (2) of this section and, where the provision in accordance with which the copy is made allows the copy to be dealt with, is dealt with; and

(b) Is subsequently dealt with,-

it shall be treated as an infringing copy-

(c) For the purposes of the dealing referred to in paragraph (b) of this subsection, unless that dealing is an authorised dealing; and

(d) For the purposes of any dealing that is subsequent to the dealing referred to in paragraph (b) of this subsection, unless the first-mentioned dealing is an authorised dealing.

(2) The provisions referred to in subsection (1) of this section are as follows:

(a) Section 44 (which relates to copying for educational purposes of literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works or typographical arrangements):

(b) Section 45 (which relates to copying for educational purposes of films and sound recordings):

(d) Section 49 (which relates to things done for the purposes of an examination):

(e) Section 51 (which relates to copying by librarians of parts of published works):

(f) Section 52 (which relates to copying by librarians of articles in periodicals):

(g) Section 53 (which relates to copying by librarians for users of other libraries):

(h) Section 55 (which relates to copying by librarians or archivists to replace copies of works):

(i) Section 56 (which relates to copying by librarians or archivists of certain unpublished works):

(j) Section 58 (which relates to copying by the Parliamentary Library for members of Parliament):

(k) Section 69 (which relates to the provision of Braille copies of literary or dramatic works):

(l) Section 83 (which relates to recording for the purposes of complaining):

(m) Section 84 (which relates to recording for the purposes of time shifting):

(n) Section 90 (which relates to recording for archival purposes).

(3) In subsection (1) of this section, the term "dealt with" means-

(a) Sold or let for hire in the course of a business or otherwise; or

(b) Offered or exposed for sale or hire in the course of a business.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, ss. 32 (5), 35 (3), 36 (5) (U.K.)

PART IV
Moral Rights

Right to be Identified as Author or Director

94. Right to be identified as author or director-

(1) Subject to section 97 of this Act,-

(a) The author of a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work that is a copyright work has the right to be identified as the author of the work; and

(b) The director of a film that is a copyright work has the right to be identified as the director of the work,-

in the circumstances described in this section, but the right is not infringed unless it has been asserted in accordance with section 96 of this Act

(2) The author of a literary work (other than words intended to be sung or spoken with music) or a dramatic work has the right to be identified as the author of the work whenever-

(a) The work is published commercially, performed in public, broadcast, or included in a cable programme; or

(b) Copies of a film or sound recording including the work are issued to the public.

(3) The author of-

(a) A literary work (other than words intended to be sung or spoken with music); or

(b) A dramatic work-

from which an adaptation is made has the right to be identified as the author of the work from which the adaptation is made whenever any of the events described in subsection (2) of this section occurs in relation to the adaptation of the work.

(4) The author of a musical work, or a literary work consisting of words intended to be sung or spoken with music, has the right to be identified as the author of the work whenever-

(a) The work is published commercially; or

(b) Copies of a sound recording of the work are issued to the public; or

(d) Copies of such a film are issued to the public.

(5) The author of-

(a) A musical work; or

(b) A literary work consisting of words intended to be sung or spoken with music-

from which an adaptation is made has the right to be identified as the author of the work from which the adaptation is made whenever any of the events described in subsection (4) of this section occurs in relation to the adaptation of the work.

(6) The author of an artistic work has the right to be identified as the author of the work whenever-

(a) The work is published commercially or exhibited in public; or

(b) A visual image of the work is broadcast or included in a cable programme; or

(d) Copies of such a film are issued to the public; or

(e) In the case of a sculpture, a work of architecture in the form of a building or a model for a building, or a work of artistic craftsmanship, copies of a graphic work representing the work, or of a photograph of the work, are issued to the public.

(7) The author of a work of architecture in the form of a building has the right to be identified as such on the building as constructed or, where more than one building is constructed to the design, on the first to be constructed.

(8) The director of a film has the right to be identified as the director of the film whenever-

(a) The film is shown in public, broadcast, or included in a cable programme; or

(b) Copies of the film are issued to the public.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 77 (1)-(6), (9) (U.K.)

95. Content of right to be identified-

(1) The right conferred by section 94 of this Act on an author or director is as follows:

(a) In the case of commercial publication, or the issue to the public of copies of a film or sound recording, to be identified clearly and reasonably prominently-

(i) In or on each copy published commercially or issued, as the case may be; or

(ii) If identification in or on each copy is not appropriate, in some other manner likely to bring his or her identity to the attention of a person acquiring a copy:

(b) In the case of identification on a building, to be identified by appropriate means visible to persons entering or approaching the building:

(c) In any other case, to be identified clearly and reasonably prominently in a manner likely to bring his or her identity to the attention of a person seeing or hearing the performance, exhibition, showing, broadcast, cable programme, graphic work, or photograph.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) of this section, if the author or director, in asserting his or her right to be identified, specifies a pseudonym, initials, or some other particular form of identification, that form shall be used, but, in any other case, any reasonable form of identification may be used.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 77 (7), (8) (U.K.)

96. Right must be asserted-

(1) A person does not infringe the right conferred by section 94 of this Act by failing, in the circumstances described in that section, to identify the author as the author of the work or to identify the director as the director of the work, as the case may be, unless the right has been asserted under this section in such a way as to require that person to so identify the author or director.

(2) The right may be asserted generally, or in relation to any specified circumstances,-

(a) On an assignment of copyright in the work, by including in the instrument effecting the assignment a statement that the author or director asserts in relation to that work his or her right to be identified as the author or director, as the case may be; or

(b) At any time, by instrument in writing signed by the author or director.

(3) The right may be asserted in relation to the public exhibition of an artistic work-

(a) By ensuring that when the author or other first owner of copyright parts with possession of the original, or of a copy made by him or her or under his or her direction or control, the author is identified as the author on the original or copy, or on a frame, mount, or other thing to which it is attached; or

(b) By including in any licence by which the author or other first owner of copyright authorises the making of copies of the work a statement signed by or on behalf of the author or other first owner of the copyright that the author asserts his or her right to be identified as the author in the event of the public exhibition of a copy made in pursuance of the licence.

(4) The persons bound by an assertion of the right under subsection (2) or subsection (3) of this section are,-

(a) In the case of an assertion under subsection (2) (a) of this section, the assignee and anyone claiming through the assignee, whether or not the person claiming through the assignee has notice of the assertion; and

(b) In the case of an assertion under subsection (2) (b) of this section, anyone to whose notice the assertion is brought; and

(c) In the case of an assertion under subsection (3) (a) of this section, anyone into whose hands that original or copy comes, whether or not the identification is still present or visible; and

(d) In the case of an assertion under subsection (3) (b) of this section, the person to whom the licence is granted and any person into whose hands a copy made in pursuance of the licence comes, whether or not the person has notice of the assertion.

(5) In an action for infringement of the right, the court shall, in considering remedies, take into account any delay in asserting the right.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 78 (U.K.)

97. Exceptions to right to be identified-

(1) The right conferred by section 94 of this Act is subject to the exceptions set out in this section.

(2) The right does not apply in relation to-

(a) A computer program; or

(b) A computer-generated work; or

(3) The right is not infringed by an act that, under any of the following provisions of this Act, would not infringe copyright in the work:

(a) Section 41 (which relates to the incidental copying of a work in an artistic work, sound recording, film, broadcast, or cable programme):

(b) Section 42 (which relates to criticism, review, and news reporting):

(d) Section 59 (which relates to parliamentary and judicial proceedings):

(e) Section 60 (which relates to Royal commissions and statutory inquiries):

(f) Section 67 (which relates to acts permitted on assumptions as to expiry of copyright or death of author in relation to anonymous or pseudonymous works).

(4) The right does not apply in relation to any work made for the purpose of reporting current events.

(5) The right does not apply in relation to the publication, in-

(a) A newspaper, magazine, or similar periodical; or

(b) An encyclopaedia, dictionary, year-book, or other collective work of reference-,

of a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work made for the purposes of such publication or made available with the consent of the author for the purposes of such publication.

(6) The right does not apply to any act done by or with the licence of the copyright owner in relation to a work in which copyright first vested in the author's employer under section 21 (2) of this Act or in the director's employer under section 5 (2) (b) of this Act, if-

(a) The author or director cannot readily be identified at the time the act; or

(b) In the case of a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work-

(i) More than 2 persons were involved in the creation of the work and it is impracticable at the time of the act to identify the respective contributions of each person to the work; and

(ii) The authors have not previously been identified in or on published copies of the work.

(7) The right does not apply in relation to-

(a) A work in which Crown copyright exists under section 26 of this Act; or

(b) A work in which copyright first vested in an international organisation under section 28 of this Act,-

unless the author or director has previously been identified as such in or on published copies of the work.

(8) The right does not apply in relation to-

(a) A film that is an advertisement; or

(b) A part of a film, where that part-

(i) Appears incidentally in another film; or

(ii) Is broadcast on television; or

(iii) Is included in a cable programme,-

if that part is not a substantial part of the film.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 79 (U.K.)

Right to Object to Derogatory Treatment of Work

98. Right to object to derogatory treatment of work-

(1) For the purposes of this section and section 99 of this Act,-

(a) The term "treatment" of a work means any addition to, deletion from, alteration to, or adaptation of the work, other than-

(i) A translation of a literary or dramatic work; or

(ii) An arrangement or transcription of a musical work involving no more than a change of key or register; and

(b) The treatment of a work is derogatory if, whether by distortion or mutilation of the work or otherwise, the treatment is prejudicial to the honour or reputation of the author or director;-

and in the following provisions of this section any reference to a derogatory treatment of a work shall be construed accordingly.

(2) Subject to sections 100 and 101 of this Act,-

(a) The author of a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work that is a copyright work; and

(b) The director of a film that is a copyright work-

has the right not to have his or her work subjected to a derogatory treatment.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 80 (1), (2), (8) (U.K.)

99. Content of right to object to derogatory treatment-

(1) In the case of a literary, dramatic, or musical work, the right conferred by section 98 (2) of this Act is infringed by a person who-

(a) Publishes commercially, performs in public, broadcasts, or includes in a cable programme a derogatory treatment of the work; or

(b) Issues to the public copies of

(i) A film or sound recording of; or

(ii) A film or sound recording that includes-

a derogatory treatment of the work.

(2) In the case of an artistic work, the right conferred by section 98 (2) of this Act is infringed by a person who-

(a) Publishes commercially or exhibits in public a derogatory treatment of the work, or broadcasts or includes in a cable programme a visual image of a derogatory treatment of the work; or

(b) Shows in public a film that includes a visual image of a derogatory treatment of the work or issues to the public copies of such a film; or

(i) A sculpture; or

(ii) A work of architecture in the form of a model for a building; or

(iii) A work of artistic craftsmanship,-

issues to the public copies of a graphic work representing, or of a photograph of, a derogatory treatment of the work.

(3) Subsection (2) of this section does not apply to a work of architecture in the form of a building; but where the author of such a work is identified on the building and it is the subject of derogatory treatment the author has the right to require the identification to be removed.

(4) In the case of a film, the right conferred by section 98 (2) of this Act is infringed by a person who-

(a) Shows in public, broadcasts, or includes in a cable programme a derogatory treatment of the film; or

(b) Issues to the public copies of a derogatory treatment of the film; or

(i) Plays in public, broadcasts, or includes in a cable programme; or

(ii) Issues to the public copies of-

a derogatory treatment of the film sound-track.

(5) The right conferred by section 98 (2) of this Act extends to the treatment of parts of a work resulting from a previous treatment by a person other than the author or director of the work, if those parts are attributed to, or are likely to be regarded as the work of, the author or director.

(6) The right conferred by section 98 (2) of this Act is infringed by a person who, in the course of a business,-

(a) Possesses; or

(b) Sells or lets for hire; or

(d) Exhibits in public or distributes-

an object that is, and that the person knows or has reason to believe is, a work or a copy of a work that-

(e) Has been subjected to derogatory treatment; and

(f) Has been, or is likely to be, the subject of any of the acts described in this section in circumstances infringing the right conferred by section 98 (2) of this Act.

(7) The right conferred by section 98 (2) of this Act is infringed by a person who does an act described in subsection (1) or subsection (2) or subsection (4) or subsection (6) of this section or who authorises another person to do such an act.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, ss. 80 (3)-(7), 83 (U.K.)

100. Exceptions to right to object to derogatory treatment of literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work-

(1) The right conferred by section 98 (2) of this Act is, in relation to literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works, subject to the exceptions set out in this section.

(2) The right does not apply to-

(a) A computer program; or

(b) A computer-generated work; or

(3) The right does not apply in relation to the publication, in-

(a) A newspaper, magazine, or similar periodical; or

(b) An encyclopaedia, dictionary, year-book, or other collective work of reference,-

of a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work made for the purposes of such publication or made available with the consent of the author for the purposes of such publication.

(4) The right does not apply in relation to any subsequent exploitation elsewhere, without any modification of the published version, of a work to which subsection (3) of this section applies.

(5) The right is not infringed by an act that, under section 67 of this Act, would not infringe copyright.

(6) The right does not apply in relation to any work made for the purpose of reporting current events.

(7) The right is not infringed by any act done for the purpose of-

(a) Avoiding the commission of an offence; or

(b) Complying with a duty imposed by or under any enactment-

if,-

(c) Where the author is identified at the time of the act, there is a clear and reasonably prominent indication, given at the time of the act and appearing with the identification, that the work has been subjected to treatment to which the author has not consented; or

(d) Where the author has previously been identified in or on published copies of the work, there is a clear and reasonably prominent indication, given at the time of the act, that the work has been subjected to treatment to which the author has not consented.

(8) The right does not apply to any act done, by or with the licence of the copyright owner, in relation to-

(a) work in which copyright first vested in the author's employer under section 21 (2) of this Act; or

(b) A work in which Crown copyright exists under section 26 of this Act; or

unless the author-

(d) Is identified at the time of the act; or

(e) Has previously been identified in or on published copies of the work.

(9) Where the right applies under subsection (8) of this section, the right is not infringed if,-

(a) Where the author is identified at the time of the act, there is a clear and reasonably prominent indication, given at the time the act and appearing with the identification, that the work has been subjected to treatment to which the author has not consented; or

(b) Where the author has previously been identified in or on published copies of the work, there is a clear and reasonably prominent indication, given at the time of the act, that the work has been subjected to treatment to which the author has not consented.

101. Exceptions to right to object to derogatory treatment of films-

(1) The right conferred by section 98 (2) of this Act is, in relation to films, subject to the exceptions set out in this section.

(2) The right does not apply in relation to any film made for the purpose of reporting current events.

(3) The right is not infringed by any act done for the purpose of,-

(a) In relation to the broadcast of a film,-

(i) Complying with a duty imposed under section 4 of the Broadcasting Act 1989; or

(ii) Avoiding the commission of an offence; or

(iii) Complying with a duty imposed by or under any enactment; or

(b) In relation to the inclusion of a film in a cable programme service,-

(i) Maintaining standards that are consistent with the observance of good taste and decency and the maintenance of law and order; or

(ii) Avoiding the commission of an offence; or

(iii) Complying with a duty imposed by or under any enactment-

if,-

(c) Where the director is identified at the time of the act, there is a clear and reasonably prominent indication, given at the time of the act and appearing with the identification, that the film has been subjected to treatment to which the director has not consented; or

(d) Where the director has previously been identified in or on published copies of the work, there is a clear and reasonably prominent indication, given at the time of the act, that the film has been subjected to treatment to which the director has not consented.

(4) The right does not apply to any act done, by or with the licence of the copyright owner, in relation to-

(a) A film in which copyright first vested in the director's employer under section 5 (2) (b) of this Act; or

(b) A film in which Crown copyright exists under section 26 of this Act; or

unless the director-

(d) Is identified at the time of the act; or

(e) Has previously been identified in or on published copies of the film.

(5) Where the right applies under subsection (4) of this section, the right is not infringed if,-

(a) Where the director is identified at the time of the act, there is a clear and reasonably prominent indication, given at the time of the act and appearing with the identification, that the film has been subjected to treatment to which the director has not consented; or

(b) Where the director has previously been identified in or on published copies of the work, there is a clear and reasonably prominent indication, given at the time of the act, that the film has been subjected to treatment to which the director has not consented.

(6) The right is not infringed, in relation to the broadcast of a film or the inclusion of a film in a cable programme service, where the person making the broadcast or including the film in a cable programme service-

(a) Makes such deletion or deletions from the film as is or are reasonably required to enable that person to-

(i) Comply with guidelines followed by that person as to the programmes that may be shown in particular time periods; or

(ii) Fit the film into the time scheduled to show it; or

(b) Broadcasts or transmits the film in separate parts because of its length; or

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, ss. 81, 82 (U.K.)

False Attribution

102. False attribution of identity of author or director-

(1) In this section, the term "attribution", in relation to a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work or a film, means an express or implied statement as to the identity of the author of the work or the director of the film.

(2) A person has the right-

(a) Not to have a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work falsely attributed to him or her as author; and

(b) Not to have a film falsely attributed to him or her as director.

(3) The right conferred by subsection (2) of this section is infringed by a person who-

(a) Issues to the public copies of-

(i) A literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work; or

(ii) A film-

in or on which there is a false attribution; or

(b) Exhibits in public-

(i) An artistic work; or

(ii) A copy of an artistic work,-

in or on which there is a false attribution,-

knowing, or having reason to believe, that the attribution is false.

(4) The right conferred by subsection (2) of this section is infringed by a person who,-

(a) In the case of a literary, dramatic, or musical work,-

(i) Performs the work in public; or

(ii) Broadcasts the work; or

(iii) Includes the work in a cable programme,-

accompanied by a false attribution; or

(b) In the case of a film,-

(i) Shows the film in public; or

(ii) Broadcasts the film; or

(iii) Includes the film in a cable programme,-

accompanied by a false attribution,-

knowing, or having reason to believe, that the attribution is false.

(5) The right conferred by subsection (2) of this section is infringed by-

(a) The issue to the public; or

(b) The public display-

of material containing a false attribution in connection with any of the acts referred to in subsection (3) or subsection (4) of this section.

(6) The right conferred by subsection (2) of this section is infringed by a person who, in the course of a business,-

(a) Possesses a copy of-

(i) A literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work; or

(ii) A film-

in or on which there is a false attribution; or

(b) Sells or lets for hire, offers or exposes for sale or hire, exhibits in public, or distributes a copy of-

(i) A literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work; or

(ii) A film-

in or on which there is a false attribution; or

(d) Sells, or lets for hire, offers or exposes for sale or hire, distributes, or exhibits in public an artistic work in or on which there is a false attribution,-

knowing, or having reason to believe, that there is such an attribution and that the attribution is false.

(7) The right conferred by subsection (2) of this section is infringed by a person who does an act described in this section or who authorises another person to do such an act.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 84 (1)-(5), (7) (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 62 (1), (2)

103. False representation as to literary, dramatic, or musical work-

(1) In this section, the term "representation", in relation to a literary, dramatic, or musical work, means an express or implied statement as to the work being an adaptation of a work by a particular author.

(2) A person has the right not to have a literary, dramatic, or musical work falsely represented as being an adaptation of a work of which the person is the author.

(3) The right conferred by subsection (2) of this section is infringed by a person who issues to the public copies of a literary, dramatic, or musical work in or on which there is a false representation, knowing or having reason to believe that the representation is false.

(4) The right conferred by subsection (2) of this section is infringed by a person who performs in public, broadcasts, or includes in a cable programme a literary, dramatic, or musical work, accompanied by a false representation, knowing or having reason to believe that the representation is false.

(5) The right conferred by subsection (2) of this section is infringed by-

(a) The issue to the public; or

(b) The public display-

of material containing a false representation in connection with any of the acts mentioned in subsection (3) or subsection (4) of this section.

(6) The right conferred by subsection (2) of this section is infringed by a person who, in the course of a business,-

(a) Possesses a copy of a literary, dramatic, or musical work in or on which there is a false representation; or

(b) Sells or lets for hire, offers or exposes for sale or hire, distributes, or exhibits in public a copy of a literary, dramatic, or musical work in or on which there is a false representation,-

knowing, or having reason to believe, that there is such a representation and that the representation is false.

(7) The right conferred by subsection (2) of this section is infringed by a person who does an act described in this section or who authorises another person to do such an act.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 84 (8) (a) (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 62 (3)

104. False representations as to artistic work-

(1) In this section, the term "representation" means an express or implied statement as to a matter referred to in paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) or paragraph (c) of subsection (2) of this section.

(2) The author of an artistic work has the right-

(a) Not to have the work falsely represented as the unaltered work of the author if the work has been altered after the author parted with possession of the work; and

(b) Not to have a copy of a work that has been altered after the author parted with possession of the work falsely represented as a copy of an unaltered work of the author; and

(3) The right conferred by subsection (2) of this section is infringed by a person who exhibits in public an artistic work, or a copy of an artistic work, as the case may be, in or on which there is a false representation, knowing or having reason to believe that the representation is false.

(4) The right conferred by subsection (2) of this section is infringed by-

(a) The issue to the public; or

(b) The public display-

of material containing a false representation in connection with any act referred to in subsection (3) of this section.

(5) The right conferred by subsection (2) of this section is infringed by a person who, in the course of a business,-

(a) Possesses an artistic work or a copy of an artistic work, as the case may be, in or on which there is a false representation or when there is a false representation in or on the work or copy; or

(b) Sells or lets for hire, offers or exposes for sale or hire, distributes, or exhibits in public an artistic work or a copy of an artistic work, as the case may be, in or on which there is a false representation or when there is a false representation in or on the work or copy,-

knowing or having reason to believe there is such a representation and that the representation is false.

(6) The right conferred by subsection (2) of this section is infringed by a person who does an act described in this section or who authorises another person to do such an act.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 84 (6) (8) (b) (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 62 (4), (6)

Right to Privacy of Certain Photographs and Films

105. Right to privacy of certain photographs and films-

(1) A person who, for private and domestic purposes, commissions the taking of a photograph or the making of a film has, where copyright exists in the resulting work but is owned by some other person, the right-

(a) Not to have copies of the work issued to the public; and

(b) Not to have the work exhibited or shown in public; and

(2) Subject to subsection (3) of this section, the right conferred by subsection (1) of this section is infringed by a person who does an act of the kind described in paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) or paragraph (c) of subsection (1) of this section.

(3) The right conferred by subsection (1) of this section is not infringed by an act that, under any of the following provisions of this Act, would not infringe copyright in the work:

(a) Section 41 (which relates to the incidental copying of a work in an artistic work, film, broadcast or cable programme):

(b) Section 59 (which relates to parliamentary and judicial proceedings):

(d) Section 66 (which relates to acts done under statutory authority):

(e) Section 67 (which relates to acts permitted on assumptions as to expiry of copyright or death of the author in relation to anonymous or pseudonymous works).

(4) The right conferred by subsection (1) of this section is infringed by a person who does an act described in subsection (2) of this section or who authorises another person to do such an act.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 85 (U.K.)

Supplementary Provisions

106. Duration of rights-

(1) The rights conferred by the following provisions of this Act expire when the copyright in any work that is the subject of the right expires:

(a) Section 94 (which relates to the right to be identified as author or director):

(b) Section 98 (which relates to the right to object to derogatory treatment of a work):

(2) The rights conferred by the following provisions of this Act expire at the end of the period of 20 years from the end of the calendar year in which the person who is entitled to the right dies:

(a) Section 102 (which relates to false attribution of the identity of an author or director):

(b) Section 103 (which relates to a false representation as to literary, dramatic, or musical works):

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 86 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 62 (5)

107. Consent and waiver of rights-

(1) It is not an infringement of any of the rights conferred by this Part of this Act to do any act to which the person who is entitled to the right has consented.

(2) Any of the rights conferred by this Part of this Act may be waived by instrument in writing signed by the person waiving the right.

(3) A waiver given pursuant to subsection (2) of this section-

(a) May relate to a specific work, or to works of a specified description that are in existence, in progress, or about to be commenced; and

(b) Shall state the rights to which the waiver relates; and

(d) If made in favour of the owner or prospective owner of the copyright in the work or works to which the waiver relates, shall be presumed to extend to his or her licensees and successors in title unless a contrary intention is expressed.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 87 (U.K.)

108. Application of provisions to joint works other than films-

(1) This section does not apply to a film.

(2) A consent or waiver under section 107 of this Act by one joint author does not affect the rights of the other joint authors.

(3) The right conferred by section 94 of this Act is, in the case of a work of joint authorship, a right of each joint author to be identified as a joint author, and must be asserted in accordance with section 96 of this Act by each joint author in relation to himself or herself.

(4) The right conferred by section 98 of this Act is, in the case of a work of joint authorship, a right of each joint author.

(5) The right conferred by section 102 of this Act is infringed, in the circumstances described in that section,-

(a) By any false statement as to the authorship of a work of joint authorship; and

(b) By the false attribution of joint authorship in relation to a work of sole authorship;-

and such a false attribution infringes the right of every person to whom authorship of any description is, whether rightly or wrongly, attributed.

(6) The right conferred by section 103 of this Act is infringed, in the circumstances described in that section, by any false representation as to an adaptation of a work of joint authorship, and such a false representation infringes the right of each joint author.

(7) The right conferred by section 104 of this Act is infringed, in the circumstances described in that section, by any false representation as to a matter referred to in paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) or paragraph (c) of subsection (2) of that section, and such a false representation infringes the right of each joint author.

(8) The right conferred by section 105 of this Act is, in the case of a photograph made in pursuance of a joint commission, a right of each person who commissioned the taking of the photograph, so that-

(a) The right of each person is satisfied if he or she consents to the act in question; and

(b) A waiver under section 107 of this Act by one person does not affect the rights of the other persons.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 88 (1)-(4), (6) (U.K.)

109. Application of provisions to joint works that are films-

(1) Where a film was, or is alleged to have been, jointly directed,-

(a) A consent or waiver under section 107 of this Act by one joint director does not affect the rights of the other joint directors; and

(b) The right conferred by section 94 of this Act is a right of each joint director to be identified as a joint director, and must be asserted in accordance with section 96 of this Act by each joint director in relation to himself or herself; and

(d) The right conferred by section 102 of this Act is infringed, in the circumstances described in that section,-

(i) By any false statement as to the directorship of the film; or

(ii) By the false attribution of joint directorship in relation to a film of sole directorship;-

and such a false attribution infringes the right of every person to whom directorship of any description is, whether rightly or wrongly, attributed.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) of this section, a film is jointly directed if the film is made by the collaboration of 2 or more directors and the contribution of each director is not distinct from that of the other director or directors.

(3) The right conferred by section 105 of this Act is, in the case of a film made in pursuance of a joint commission, a right of each person who commissioned the making of the film, so that-

(a) The right of each person is satisfied if he or she consents to the act in question; and

(b) A waiver under section 107 of this Act by one person does not affect the rights of the other persons.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 88 (5) (U.K.)

110. Application of provisions to parts of works-

(1) The rights conferred by section 94 or section 105 of this Act apply in relation to the whole or any substantial part of a work.

(2) The rights conferred by the following provisions of this Act apply in relation to the whole or any part of a work:

(a) Section 98 (which relates to the right to object to derogatory treatment of a work):

(b) Section 102 (which relates to false attribution of the identity of an author or director):

(d) Section 104 (which relates to false representations as to artistic works).

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 89 (U.K.)

PART V
Dealing with Rights in Copyright Works

Licences to Deal with Copyright Works

111. Licences-

(1) A licence granted by a copyright owner is binding on every successor in title to that person's interest in the copyright, except a purchaser in good faith for valuable consideration and without notice (actual or constructive) of the licence or a person deriving title from such a purchaser; and references in this Act to doing anything-

(a) With, or without, the licence of the copyright owner; or

(b) Other than pursuant to a copyright licence-

shall be construed accordingly.

(2) The licensee under an exclusive licence has the same rights against a successor in title who is bound by the licence as that licensee has against the copyright owner.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 90 (4), 92 (2) (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 56 (4)

112. Warranty implied in certain licences-

(1) Where any person grants a licence for-

(a) The performance, broadcast, or inclusion in a cable programme of a copyright work that is a literary, dramatic, or musical work or a sound recording or film; or

(b) The inclusion of a copyright work that is an artistic work in a performance, broadcast, or cable programme,-

there shall be implied a warranty in the licence either-

(c) That the person by whom or on whose behalf the licence is granted is the owner of the copyright in the work, sound recording, or film that is the subject of the licence; or

(d) That the person by whom or on whose behalf the licence is granted is authorised to grant such a licence by the owner of the copyright in the work, sound recording, or film that is the subject of the licence.

(2) Where a court is satisfied that-

(a) A person falsely claiming to be, or to have the licence of, the owner of the copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work or a sound recording or film has threatened or commenced proceedings designed to-

(i) Prohibit a performance or broadcast of that work, sound recording, or film, or the inclusion of that work, sound recording, or film in a cable programme; or

(ii) Claim damages in respect of a performance or broadcast of that work, recording, or film, or the inclusion of that work, recording, or film in a cable programme; and

(b) As a result of the threat or commencement of proceedings, the work, recording, or film has not been so performed, broadcast, or included in a cable programme,-

the court may award damages sufficient to recompense the person threatened or the defendant in such proceedings, as the case may be, or any other person interested in the proposed performance, broadcast, or cable programme, for any loss sustained because the performance, broadcast, or cable programme did not proceed.

(3) The provisions of this section shall have effect notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in any licence, and shall extend to all licences whether granted before or after the commencement of this Act.

Cf. 1962, No. 33, s. 63

Transmission of Copyright

113. Transmission of copyright-

(1) Copyright is transmissible, as personal or moveable property, by-

(a) Assignment; or

(b) Testamentary disposition; or

(2) A transmission of copyright may be partial, that is, limited so as to apply-

(a) To one or more, but not all, of the things the copyright owner has the exclusive right to do:

(b) To part, but not the whole, of the period for which the copyright is to exist.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 90 (1), (2) (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 56 (1), (2)

114. Assignment-

An assignment of copyright is not effective unless it is in writing signed by or on behalf of the assignor.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 90 (3) (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 56 (3)

115. Copyright to pass under will with unpublished works-

Where under a bequest (whether specific or general) a person is entitled, beneficially or otherwise, to-

(a) An original document or other material thing recording or embodying a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work that was not published before the death of the testator; or

(b) An original material thing containing a sound recording or film that was not published before the death of the testator,-

the bequest shall, unless a contrary intention is indicated in the testator's will or a codicil to that will, be construed as including the copyright in the work in so far as the testator was the copyright owner immediately before his or her death.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 93 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 59

116. Future copyright-

(1) Future copyright shall be capable of being assigned, wholly or partially, in the same manner and in all respects as if the copyright were then in existence, and on coming into existence the copyright shall vest in the assignee or the assignee's successor in title accordingly.

(2) Sections 111 (1), 113 (2), and 114 of this Act apply to future copyright in the same manner as they apply to existing copyright.

(3) A licence granted by a person to whom future copyright has been assigned is binding on every successor in title to that person's interest in the copyright, except a purchaser in good faith for valuable consideration and without notice (actual or constructive) of the licence or a person deriving title from such a purchaser; and references in this Act to doing anything-

(a) With, or without, the licence of the copyright owner; or

(b) Other than pursuant to a copyright licence-

shall be construed accordingly.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 91 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 57

117. Right to make conditions in respect of certain unpublished works-

(1) This section applies where the owner of the copyright in an unpublished literary, dramatic, or musical work, or an unpublished artistic work other than a photograph, has, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, transferred or bequeathed to an institution-

(a) The property in or possession of the manuscript of the literary, dramatic, or musical work or a copy of the manuscript; or

(b) The property in or possession of the artistic work,-

subject to any conditions prohibiting, restricting, or regulating publication of the work for a specified period or without any limit on the period.

(2) While the manuscript, copy, or work is in the possession of the institution, any publication of the work in breach of such a condition by-

(a) The institution owning the manuscript, copy, or work; or

(b) The institution having possession of the manuscript, copy, or work; or

shall, notwithstanding that the copyright in the work may have expired, be actionable as if copyright continued to exist in the work and the publication were an infringement of the copyright.

(3) Nothing in this section applies to any publication with the consent of the person who would be the owner of the copyright in the work if the copyright had not expired.

(4) In this section, the term "institution" means the Crown, a local body, a prescribed library or archive within the meaning of section 50 of this Act, an institution within the meaning on section 159 of the Education Act 1989, or any other institution prescribed by regulations made under this Act.

Cf. 1962, No. 33, s. 58

Moral Rights

118. Moral rights not assignable-

The rights conferred by Part IV of this Act are not assignable.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 94 (U.K.)

119. Transmission of moral rights on death-

(1) On the death of a person entitled to the right conferred by section 94 or section 98 or section 105 of this Act,-

(a) The right passes to such person as he or she may by testamentary disposition specifically direct; or

(b) If there is no such direction but the copyright in the work in question forms part of the estate, the right passes to the person to whom the copyright passes; or

(c) If or to the extent that the right does not pass under paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this subsection, the right is exercisable by the personal representatives.

(2) Where-

(a) Under subsection (1) (b) of this section any right passes to the person to whom the copyright passes; and

(b) The copyright passes in part to one person and in part to another,-

the right shall pass in the same manner as the copyright.

(3) Where under paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of subsection (1) of this section a right becomes exercisable by more than one person,-

(a) In the case of the right conferred by section 94 of this Act, the right may be asserted by any of those persons; and

(b) In the case of the right conferred by section 98 or section 105 of this Act, the right is exercisable by each of those persons and is satisfied in relation to any of those persons if one of them consents to the treatment or act in question; and

(c) Any waiver of the right in accordance with section 107 of this Act by one of those persons does not affect the rights of the others.

(4) A consent or waiver previously given or made binds any person to whom a right passes under subsection (1) of this section.

(5) Any infringement after a person's death of the right conferred by section 102 or section 103 or section 104 of this Act is actionable by his or her personal representatives.

(6) Any damages recovered by personal representatives in respect of an infringement after the death of a person entitled to a right conferred by Part IV of this Act shall devolve as part of the estate as if the right of action had existed and been vested in the person immediately before his or her death.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 95 (U.K.)

PART VI
Remedies for Infringement

Rights and Remedies of Copyright Owner

120. Infringement actionable by copyright owner-

(1) An infringement of copyright is actionable by the copyright owner.

(2) In proceedings for infringement of copyright, all such relief way of damages, injunctions, accounts, or otherwise is available to the plaintiff as is available in respect of the infringement of any other property right.

(3) This section has effect subject to the following provisions of this Part of this Act.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 96 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 24 (1)

121. Provisions as to damages in infringement proceedings-

(1) Where, in proceedings for infringement of copyright, it is proved or admitted that at the time of the infringement the defendant did not know, and had no reason to believe, that copyright existed in the work to which the proceedings relate, the plaintiff is not entitled to damages but, without prejudice to the award of any other remedy, is entitled to an account of profits.

(2) In proceedings for infringement of copyright, the court may, having regard to all the circumstances and in particular to-

(a) The flagrancy of the infringement; and

(b) Any benefit accruing to the defendant by reason of the infringement,-

award such additional damages as the justice of the case may require.

(3) In proceedings for infringement of copyright in respect of the construction of a building, no injunction or other order shall be made-

(a) After the construction of the building has been begun, so as to prevent the building from being completed; or

(b) So as to require the building, in so far as it has been constructed, to be demolished.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 97 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 24 (2)-(4)

122. Order for delivery up in civil proceedings-

(1) Where a person-

(a) Has an infringing copy of a work in that person's possession, custody, or control in the course of a business; or

(b) Has in that person's possession, custody, or control an object specifically designed or adapted for making copies of a particular copyright work, knowing or having reason to believe that the object has been or is to be used to make infringing copies,-

the owner of the copyright in the work may apply to the court for an order that the infringing copy or object be delivered up to the copyright owner or such other person as the court may direct.

(2) No order shall be made unless the court also makes, or it appears to the court that there are grounds for making, an order under section 134 of this Act.

(3) A person to whom an infringing copy or other object is delivered up in pursuance of an order under this section shall, if an order under section 134 of this Act is not made, retain the copy or object pending the making of an order, or the decision not to make an order, under that section.

(4) Notwithstanding any rule of court, an order may be made pursuant to this section on an ex parte application by the copyright owner where service of notice of the application would cause undue delay or other serious detriment to the copyright owner.

(5) Nothing in this section affects any other power of the court.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 99 (U.K.)

Rights and Remedies of Exclusive Licensee

123. Rights and remedies of exclusive licensee-

(1) An exclusive licensee has, except against the copyright owner, the same rights and remedies under sections 120, 121, and 122 of this Act in respect of matters occurring after the grant of the licence as if the licence were an assignment.

(2) The rights and remedies of the exclusive licensee under sections 120, 121, and 122 of this Act are concurrent with those of the copyright owner.

(3) In proceedings brought by an exclusive licensee pursuant to this section, a defendant may avail himself or herself or itself of any defence that would have been available if the proceedings had been brought by the copyright owner.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 101 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 26 (2) (a), (b), (4)

124. Exercise of concurrent rights-

(1) Where proceedings for infringement of copyright brought by the copyright owner or an exclusive licensee relate (wholly or partly) to an infringement in respect of which the copyright owner and the exclusive licensee have concurrent rights of action, the copyright owner or, as the case may be, the exclusive licensee may not, without the leave of the court, proceed unless the other is either joined as a plaintiff or added as a defendant.

(2) A copyright owner or exclusive licensee who is joined as a plaintiff or added as a defendant pursuant to subsection (1) of this section is not liable for any costs in the proceedings unless that person takes part in the proceedings.

(3) Subsections (1) and (2) of this section do not affect the granting of interlocutory relief on an application by a copyright owner or exclusive licensee alone.

(4) Whether or not the copyright owner and the exclusive licensee are both parties to proceedings for infringement of copyright that relate (wholly or partly) to an infringement in respect of which they have or had concurrent rights of action,-

(a) The court shall, in assessing damages, take into account-

(i) The terms of the licence; and

(ii) Any pecuniary remedy already awarded or available to either the copyright owner or the exclusive licensee in respect of the infringement; and

(b) No account of profits shall be directed if an award of damages has been made, or an account of profits has been directed, in favour of either the copyright owner or the exclusive licensee in respect of the infringement; and

(c) The court shall, if an account of profits is directed, apportion the profits between the copyright owner and the exclusive licensee in such manner as the court considers just, subject to any agreement between them.

(5) The copyright owner shall notify any exclusive licensee having concurrent rights before applying for an order under section 122 of this Act; and the court may on the application of the licensee make such order under that section as it thinks fit having regard to the terms of the licence.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 102 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 26 (3)-(8)

Rights and Remedies in relation to Moral Rights

125. Infringement of moral rights actionable-

(1) An infringement of a right conferred by Part IV of this Act is actionable by the person entitled to the right.

(2) In proceedings for infringement of a right conferred by Part IV of this Act, relief by way of damages and injunction is available to the plaintiff.

(3) In proceedings for infringement of the right conferred by section 98 (2) of this Act, the court may, if it thinks it is an adequate remedy in the circumstances, grant an injunction on terms prohibiting the doing of any act unless a disclaimer is made, in such terms and in such manner as may be approved by the court, dissociating the author or director from the treatment of the work.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 103 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 62 (8)

Presumptions

126. Presumptions relevant to literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works-

(1) The presumptions set out in subsections (2) to (5) of this section apply in proceedings brought under this Act with respect to a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work.

(2) Where a name purporting to be that of the author appeared on copies of a literary, dramatic, or musical work as published or on an artistic work when it was made, the person whose name appeared shall be presumed, until the contrary is proved,-

(a) To be the author of the work; and

(b) To have made the work in circumstances not falling within subsections (2) and (3) of section 21, or section 26, or section 28 of this Act.

(3) In the case of a work alleged to be a work of joint authorship, subsection (2) of this section applies in relation to each person alleged to be one of the authors.

(4) Where no name purporting to be that of the author appeared on copies of the work as published or on the work when it was made, but-

(a) The work qualifies for copyright under section 19 of this Act; and

(b) A name purporting to be that of the publisher appeared on copies of the work as first published,-

the person whose name appeared shall be presumed, until the contrary is proved, to represent the author and shall be entitled to protect and enforce the author's rights.

(5) If the author of the work is dead or the identity of the author cannot be ascertained by reasonable inquiry, it shall be presumed, until the contrary is proved,-

(a) That the work is an original work; and

(b) That the plaintiff's allegations as to what was the first publication of the work and as to the country of first publication are correct.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 104 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 27 (2)-(5)

127. Presumptions relevant to certain artistic works-

(1) This section applies to any proceedings for infringement of copyright in any artistic work of which copies in 3 dimensions have been issued to the public by or with the licence of the owner of the copyright in that artistic work.

(2) In any proceedings to which this section applies, where copies as issued to the public, whether in New Zealand or in any other country, bear a clear and legible label or other mark indicating the following claims, namely,-

(a) That copyright existed in the artistic work of which the copy was made; and

(b) That a named person was the owner of the copyright in the artistic work at the time the copy was issued to the public; and

(c) That a named person was the exclusive licensee of the copyright owner at the time the copy was issued to the public; and

(d) That the copy was first issued to the public in a specified year,-

it shall be presumed until the contrary is proved-

(e) That at all material times the defendant had knowledge of each of the claims specified in paragraphs (a) to (d) of this subsection; and

(f) That the copy was first made available to the public in the year specified.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2) of this section, the symbol ©" on a label or other mark shall be taken to indicate that copyright is claimed to exist in the artistic work of which the copy so labelled or marked is made.

(4) Nothing in this section limits or affects section 126 of this Act.

Cf. 1962, No. 33, s. 27A; 1985, No. 134, s. 7 (1)

128. Presumptions relevant to computer programs, sound recordings, and films-

(1) In proceedings brought under this Act with respect to a computer program, where copies of the program are issued to the public in electronic form bearing a statement-

(a) That a named person was the owner of copyright in the program at the date of the issue of the copies in electronic form; or

(b) That copies of the program were first issued to the public in electronic form in a specified year or that the program was first published in a specified country,-

the statement shall be admissible as evidence of the facts stated and shall be presumed to be correct until the contrary is proved.

(2) In proceedings brought under this Act with respect to a sound recording, where copies of the recording as issued to the public bear a label or other mark stating-

(a) That a named person was the owner of copyright in the recording at the date of the issue of the copies; or

(b) That the recording was first published in a specified year or in a specified country,-

the label or mark shall be admissible as evidence of the facts stated and shall be presumed to be correct until the contrary is proved.

(3) In proceedings brought under this Act with respect to a film, where copies of the film as issued to the public bear a statement-

(a) That a named person was the author or director of the film; or

(b) That a named person was the owner of copyright in the film at the date of the issue of the copies; or

the statement shall be admissible as evidence of the facts stated and shall be presumed to be correct until the contrary is proved.

(4) The presumptions created in subsections (1) to (3) of this section apply in proceedings relating to an infringement alleged to have occurred before the date on which the copies were issued to the public in the same manner as they apply in proceedings relating to an infringement alleged to have occurred after the date on which the copies were issued to the public.

(5) In proceedings brought under this Act with respect to a film, where the film as shown in public, broadcast, or included in a cable programme bears a statement-

(a) That a named person was the author or director of the film; or

(b) That a named person was the owner of copyright in the film immediately after it was made,-

the statement shall be admissible as evidence of the facts stated and shall be presumed to be correct until the contrary is proved.

(6) The presumption created by subsection (5) of this section applies in proceedings relating to an infringement alleged to have occurred before the date on which the film was shown in public, broadcast, or included in a cable programme in the same manner as it applies in proceedings relating to an infringement alleged to have occurred after the date on which the film was shown in public, broadcast, or included in a cable programme.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 105 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 27 (7)

129. Presumptions relevant to works subject to Crown copyright-

In proceedings brought under this Act with respect to a literary, dramatic, or musical work in which Crown copyright exists, where there appears on printed copies of the work a statement of the year in which the work was first published commercially, that statement shall be admissible as evidence of the fact stated and shall be presumed to be correct until the contrary is proved.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 106 (U.K.)

130. Unjustified proceedings-

(1) Where a person brings proceedings alleging an infringement of copyright, a court may, on the application of any person against whom the proceedings are brought,-

(a) Make a declaration that the bringing of proceedings was unjustified:

(b) Make an order for the payment of damages for any loss suffered by the person against whom the proceedings are brought.

(2) A court shall not grant relief under this section if the person who brought the proceedings proves that the acts in respect of which proceedings were brought constituted, or would have constituted if they had been done, an infringement of the copyright concerned.

(3) Nothing in this section makes a barrister or solicitor of the High Court of New Zealand liable to any proceedings under this section in respect of any act done in his or her professional capacity on behalf of a client.

Cf. 1994, No. 116, s. 40; Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 253 (U.K.)

Offences

131. Criminal liability for making or dealing with infringing objects-

(1) Every person commits an offence against this section who, other than pursuant to a copyright licence,-

(a) Makes for sale or hire; or

(b) Imports into New Zealand otherwise than for that person's private and domestic use; or

(d) In the course of a business,-

(i) Offers or exposes for sale or hire; or

(ii) Exhibits in public; or

(iii) Distributes; or

(e) In the course of a business or otherwise, sells or lets for hire; or

(f) Distributes otherwise than in the course of a business to such an extent as to affect prejudicially the copyright owner-

an object that is, and that the person knows is, an infringing copy of a copyright work.

(2) Every person commits an offence against this section who-

(a) Makes an object specifically designed or adapted for making copies of a particular copyright work; or

(b) Has such an object in that person's possession,-

knowing that the object is to be used to make infringing copies for sale or hire or for use in the course of a business.

(3) Subject to subsection (4) of this section, every person commits an offence against this section who-

(a) Causes a literary, dramatic, or musical work to be performed, where that performance infringes copyright in that work; or

(b) Causes a sound recording or film to be played in public or shown in public, where that playing or showing infringes copyright in that sound recording or film,-

knowing that copyright in the work or, as the case requires, the sound recording or film would be infringed by that performance or, as the case requires, that playing or that showing.

(4) Nothing in subsection (3) of this section applies in respect of infringement of copyright by the reception of a broadcast or cable programme.

(5) Every person who commits an offence against this section is liable on summary conviction,-

(a) In the case of an offence against subsection (1) of this section, to a fine not exceeding $5,000 for every infringing copy to which the offence relates, but not exceeding $50,000 in respect of the same transaction, or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 months:

(b) In the case of an offence against subsection (2) or subsection (3) of this section, to a fine not exceeding $50,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 months.

(6) Where any person is convicted of an offence against this section in circumstances where that offence involves the making of profit or gain, that offence shall be deemed to have caused a loss of property for the purposes of section 22 (1) (b) of the Criminal Justice Act 1985, and the provisions of that Act relating to the imposition of the sentence of reparation shall apply accordingly.

(7) Sections 126 to 129 of this Act (which relate to presumptions) do not apply to proceedings for an offence against this section.

(8) Nothing in subsection (1) of this section applies in relation to a work that has been made, copied, published, adapted, or distributed, in an overseas country, by or with the licence of the owner of the copyright in the work in that country.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 107 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 28 (1)-(3), (5); 1990, No. 71, s. 3

132. Order for delivery up in criminal proceedings-

(1) The court before which proceedings are brought against a person for an offence against section 131 of this Act may, if it is satisfied that, at the time of the defendant's arrest or charge,-

(a) The defendant had in the defendant's possession, custody, or control in the course of a business an infringing copy of a copyright work; or

(b) The defendant had in the defendant's possession, custody, or control an object specifically designed or adapted for making copies of a particular copyright work, knowing that the object had been or was to be used to make infringing copies,-

order that the infringing copy or object be delivered up to the copyright owner or to such other person as the court may direct.

(a) After the end of the period of 6 years from the date on which the infringing copy or object in question was made; or

(b) If it appears to the court unlikely that any order will be made under section 134 of this Act in the proceedings.

(3) Sections 126 to 129 of this Act (which relate to presumptions) apply in proceedings for an order under this section.

(4) A person to whom an infringing copy or other object is delivered up pursuant to an order made under this section shall retain the copy or object pending the making of an order, or the decision not to make an order, under section 134 of this Act.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 108 (1), (3), (5) (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 28 (4)

133. Liability of officers of body corporate-

Where any body corporate is convicted of an offence against section 131 of this Act, every director and every person concerned in the management of the body corporate shall be guilty of the offence if it is proved-

(a) That the act that constituted the offence took place with his or her authority, permission, or consent; and

(b) That he or she-

(i) Knew, or could reasonably be expected to have known, that the offence was to be or was being committed; and

(ii) Failed to take all reasonable steps to prevent or stop it.

Cf. 1991, No. 69, s. 340

Disposal of Infringing Copy or Other Object

134. Order as to disposal of infringing copy or other object-

(1) An application may be made to the court for an order that an infringing copy or other object delivered up pursuant to an order made under section 122 or section 132 of this Act shall be-

(a) Forfeited to the copyright owner; or

(b) Destroyed or otherwise dealt with as the court thinks fit.

(2) In considering what order (if any) should be made under subsection (1) of this section, the court shall have regard to-

(a) Whether other remedies available in proceedings for infringement of copyright would be adequate to compensate the copyright owner and to protect the interests of the copyright owner; and

(b) The need to ensure that no infringing copy is disposed of in a manner that would adversely affect the copyright owner.

(3) The court shall issue directions as to the service of notice on persons having an interest in the copy or other object.

(4) Any person having an interest in the copy or other object is entitled-

(a) To appear in proceedings for an order under this section, whether or not that person is served with notice; and

(b) To appeal against any order made, whether or not that person appears in the proceedings;-

and an order made under subsection (1) of this section shall not take effect until the end of the period within which notice of an appeal may be given or, if before the end of that period notice of appeal is duly given, until the final determination or abandonment of the proceedings on the appeal.

(5) Where there is more than one person interested in a copy or other object, the court may direct that the object be sold, or otherwise dealt with, and the proceeds divided, and shall make any other order as it thinks just.

(6) If the court decides that no order should be made under this section, the person in whose possession, custody, or control the copy or other object was before being delivered up is entitled to its return.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 114 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 28 (4)

PART VII
Border Protection Measures

135. Definitions-

In this Part of this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-

"Claimant" means a person who gives a notice under section 136 (1) of this Act:

"Collector" has the same meaning as it has in section 2 (1) of the Customs Act 1966:

"Comptroller" has the same meaning as it has in section 2 (1) of the Customs Act 1966:

"Control of the Customs" has the same meaning as it has in section 16 of the Customs Act 1966:

"Court" means the High Court:

"Officer of Customs" has the same meaning as it has in section 2 (1) of the Customs Act 1966:

"Pirated copy"-

(a) Means any copy of a copyright work that is a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work or the typographical arrangement of a published edition or a sound recording or a film, where the copy is made-

(i) Directly or indirectly from the copyright work; and

(ii) Without the licence of the person who owns, in the country where the copy is made, the copyright in the work; and

(iii) In circumstances in which the making of the copy would, if it had been done in New Zealand, have constituted an infringement of copyright under this Act; and

(b) Includes any illicit recording within the meaning of section 169 of this Act, including any illicit recording that is a copyright work sold in a country other than New Zealand by or with the licence of the owner of the copyright in the work in that country; but

(i) Any other copyright work sold in a country other than New Zealand by or with the licence of the owner of the copyright in the work in that country; or

(ii) Any copyright work in transit to a country other than New Zealand.

136. Notice may be given to Comptroller of Customs-

(1) A person who owns the copyright in any literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work, or the typographical arrangement of a published edition, or a sound recording, or a film may give a notice in writing to the Comptroller-

(a) Claiming that an item is a work in which the person owns the copyright; and

(b) Requesting the Comptroller to detain any pirated copies of the item that are in, or at any time come into, the control of the Customs.

(2) A notice under subsection (1) of this section shall-

(a) Contain such particulars in support of the claim that the item is a pirated copy as may be prescribed in regulations made under this Act; and

(b) Specify the period for which the notice is to be in force, which period shall be-

(i) Not longer than 5 years from the date of the notice; or

(ii) If copyright in the work to which the notice relates will expire within the period of 5 years from the date of the notice, not longer than the period for which copyright will last.

(3) The Comptroller shall, in relation to any notice given under subsection (1) of this section,-

(a) Accept the notice if the claimant and the notice given by the claimant comply with the requirements of this section and any regulations made under this Act:

(b) Decline the notice if the claimant or the notice given by the claimant does not comply with the requirements of this section and any regulations made under this Act;-

and shall within a reasonable period of receiving the notice advise the claimant whether the notice has been accepted or declined.

(4) A notice accepted under subsection (3) (a) of this section remains in force for the period specified in the notice unless-

(a) It is revoked by the claimant by notice in writing; or

(b) The Court orders, in proceedings under section 141 (1) of this Act, that the notice be discharged.

Cf. 1962, No. 33, s. 29 (1), (2), (7); 1990, No. 71, s. 4

137. Determination whether item is pirated copy-

(1) Where-

(a) A notice that has been accepted under section 136 (3) (a) of this Act is in force; and

(b) A Collector forms the opinion that any item that has been imported and that is in the control of the Customs may be a pirated copy to which the notice relates,-

the Collector may conduct such investigation as he or she considers necessary in order to establish whether or not the item appears to be a pirated copy to which the notice relates.

(2) Where the Collector conducts an investigation, he or she may, subject to section 138 of this Act, require-

(a) The claimant; or

(b) Any other person appearing to the Collector to have an interest in the item-

to supply such information as the Collector may specify for the purpose of the investigation within 10 working days of being required to do so.

(3) Whether or not the Collector conducts any investigation, he or she shall, within a reasonable period of forming an opinion under subsection (1) of this section, make a determination whether or not the item appears to be a pirated copy to which the notice relates.

(4) Nothing in this section applies to an item that has been imported for private and domestic use.

138. Limitations on requirement to supply information-

(1) A Collector shall not require any person to supply any information under section 137 (2) of this Act unless the Collector believes that the information is reasonably necessary for the purposes of an investigation under section 137 (1) of this Act.

(2) Every person who is required to supply information to a Collector under section 137 (2) of this Act shall have the same privileges in relation to the giving of the information as witnesses have in any court.

(3) Where any person refuses or fails to supply information required by a Collector under section 137 (2) of this Act, the Collector may, subject to subsection (2) of this section, take that refusal or failure into account in forming any opinion under section 137 (1) of this Act or in making any determination under section 137 (3) of this Act.

139. Notice of determination-

(1) A Collector who makes a determination under section 137 (3) of this Act shall cause written notice of the determination to be served on-

(a) The claimant; and

(b) Any other person appearing to the Collector to have an interest in the item-

within such period as may reasonably be necessary to effect service.

(2) Every notice required to be served on the claimant or other person under subsection (1) of this section may be given to the claimant or other person-

(a) By personal delivery to the claimant or other person; or

(b) By posting it to the last known address of the claimant or other person, in which case it shall be deemed to have been served on the claimant or other person at the time at which it would have been delivered in the ordinary course of post; and in proving posting-

(i) It shall be sufficient to prove that the notice was properly addressed; and

(ii) It shall be presumed, in the absence of proof to the contrary, that the notice was posted on the day on which it was dated; or

(c) By sending it by facsimile to the last known facsimile number of the claimant or other person, in which case it shall, in the absence of proof to the contrary, be deemed to have been served on the claimant or other person on the day after the day on which it was sent; and, in proving sending, it shall be sufficient to prove that a facsimile machine generated a record of the transmission of the notice to such facsimile number.

(3) The detention of any item under section 140 of this Act is not rendered illegal by a failure to serve notice under subsection (1) of this section.

140. Detention of pirated copy-

(1) Where a Collector has formed an opinion that an item that has been imported and that is in the control of the Customs may be a pirated copy to which a notice accepted under section 136 (3) (a) of this Act relates, that item shall be detained in the custody of the Comptroller or any Collector or any officer of Customs until-

(a) The Comptroller or any Collector is served with an order made in proceedings under section 141 (1) of this Act that the notice be discharged; or

(b) The Comptroller or any Collector is served with an order made in proceedings under section 141 (2) of this Act that the item be released; or

(c) Any proceedings under section 141 (3) of this Act in respect of that item (including any appeal) are determined by a decision that the item is not a pirated copy that has been imported other than for private and domestic use; or

(d) Any proceedings under section 141 (3) of this Act in respect of that item, including any appeal, are abandoned; or

(e) Ten working days have elapsed since notice was served under section 139 of this Act and neither the Comptroller nor a Collector has been served with notice of proceedings brought under section 141 (3) of this Act by a person other than the importer or consignee;-

whereupon the item shall, subject to subsection (3) of this section, be released to the person entitled to it.

(2) The Comptroller or any Collector may in any particular case extend the period referred to in subsection (1) (e) of this section to 20 working days if he or she considers it appropriate to do so in all the circumstances.

(3) The Comptroller or any Collector or any officer of Customs shall not release any item under subsection (1) of this section unless-

(a) Any other legal requirements as to importation of the item are satisfied; and

(b) Any requirements made pursuant to any regulations made under this Act requiring the deposit of a security have been satisfied; and

141. Proceedings-

(1) Any person may apply to the Court for an order that a notice accepted under section 136 (3) (a) of this Act be discharged, and the Court may make such an order accordingly.

(2) Any person may apply to the Court for an order that an item detained under section 140 of this Act be released, and the Court may make such an order accordingly.

(3) Any person may apply to the Court for a decision on whether or not an item the subject of a determination made under section 137 (3) of this Act is a pirated copy that has been imported other than for private and domestic use, and the Court shall make such a decision accordingly.

(4) Notice of proceedings under subsection (3) of this section shall be served on the Comptroller or any Collector.

(5) In proceedings under subsection (3) of this section, the Court shall issue directions as to the service of notice on persons having an interest in the item that is the subject of proceedings, and any such person is entitled-

(a) To appear in those proceedings, whether or not that person was served with notice under section 139 of this Act; and

(b) To appeal against any order made in those proceedings, whether or not that person appeared in the proceedings.

(6) No order made in proceedings under subsection (3) of this section shall take effect until the end of the period within which notice of an appeal may be given or, if before the end of that period notice of appeal is duly given, until the final determination or abandonment of the proceedings on the appeal.

142. Powers of Court-

(1) Where, in proceedings under section 141 (3) of this Act, the Court decides that an item the subject of a determination made under section 137 (3) of this Act is a pirated copy that has been imported other than for private and domestic use, the Court shall make an order that the item be-

(a) Forfeited to the claimant; or

(b) Destroyed; or

(2) In considering what order should be made under subsection (1) of this section, the Court shall have regard to-

(a) Whether other remedies available in proceedings for infringement of copyright would be adequate to compensate the claimant and to protect that person's interests; and

(b) The need to ensure that no pirated copy is disposed of in a manner that would adversely affect the claimant.

(3) Where more than one person is interested in an item, the Court may direct that the item be sold, or otherwise dealt with, and the proceeds divided, and shall make any other order as it thinks just.

(4) Where, in proceedings under section 141 (3) of this Act, the Court decides that an item the subject of a determination made under section 141 (3) of this Act is not a pirated copy that has been imported other than for private and domestic use, the Court may make an order that any person who is a party to the proceedings pay compensation in such amount as the Court thinks fit to the importer, consignee, or owner of the item.

143. Inspection of item-

(1) The Comptroller or a Collector or an officer of Customs shall, in respect of any item in his or her possession that is or may be the subject of-

(a) A notice given under section 136 (1) of this Act; or

(b) An investigation under section 137 of this Act; or

allow any person claiming to have an interest in-

(d) The item; or

(e) Any investigation under section 137 of this Act, or any proceedings under section 141 of this Act, in relation to the item-

to inspect that item.

(2) A person referred to in subsection (1) of this section may-

(a) Inspect the item during normal office hours; or

(b) With the approval of the Comptroller or a Collector or an officer of Customs, remove the item or an example of the item to such place, for such period, and on such conditions as the Comptroller or Collector or officer may specify, for the purpose of inspecting it.

(3) Any person who intends to inspect any item under this section shall give the Comptroller or Collector or officer of Customs not less than 72 hours' notice of his or her intention to inspect that item.

144. Notice of parallel import may be given to Comptroller of Customs-

(1) Any person who owns the copyright in any literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work, or the typographical arrangement of a published edition, or a sound recording, or a film, may give a notice in writing to the Comptroller-

(a) Claiming-

(i) That an object specified in the notice is an infringing copy under section 12 (3) of this Act; and

(ii) That the person is the person whose copyright would be infringed by the importation of the object; and

(b) Requesting the Comptroller to inform the person-

(i) If the Comptroller becomes aware that any such object is intended to be imported into New Zealand; or

(ii) If any such object is in, or at any time comes into, the control of the Customs.

(2) A notice under subsection (1) of this section shall-

(a) Contain such particulars in support of the claims referred to in subsection (1) (a) of this section as may be required in a form approved by the Comptroller; and

(b) Specify the period for which the notice is to be in force, which period shall be-

(i) Not longer than 5 years from the date of the notice; or

(ii) If copyright in the work to which the notice relates will expire within the period of 5 years from the date of the notice, not longer than the period for which copyright will last; and

(3) The Comptroller shall, in relation to any notice given under subsection (1) of this section,-

(a) Accept the notice if the person and the notice given by the person comply with the requirements of this section:

(b) Decline the notice if the person or the notice given by the person does not comply with the requirements of this section;

and shall within a reasonable period of receiving the notice advise the claimant whether the notice has been accepted or declined.

(4) A notice accepted under subsection (3) (a) of this section remains in force for the period specified in the notice unless-

(a) It is revoked by the person by notice in writing; or

(b) The Court orders in any proceedings under Part VI of this Act that the notice be discharged.

(5) This section shall come into force on the 1st day of April 1995.

145. Delegation of powers, duties, and functions-

(1) With the written consent of the Minister of Customs, the Comptroller may from time to time, either generally or particularly, by writing under his or her hand, delegate to any officer of Customs all or any of the powers, duties, and functions conferred or imposed on the Comptroller by or under this Part of this Act.

(2) With the written consent of the Comptroller, a Collector may from time to time, either generally or particularly, by writing under his or her hand, delegate to any officer of Customs all or any of the powers, duties, and functions conferred or imposed on the Collector by or under this Part of this Act.

(3) No delegation under subsection (1) or subsection (2) of this section shall include the power to delegate under either of those subsections.

(4) Subject to any general or special directions given or conditions imposed from time to time by the Minister of Customs or the Comptroller or a Collector, as the case may be, the officer to whom any powers are so delegated may exercise those powers in the same manner and with the same effect as if they had been conferred on that officer directly by this Act and not by delegation.

(5) Every officer of Customs purporting to act pursuant to any delegation under this section shall, in the absence of proof to the contrary, be presumed to be acting in accordance with the terms of the delegation.

(6) Any delegation under this section may be made to any specified person or to the holder or holders for the time being of any specified office or class of offices.

(7) Every such delegation, whether by the Comptroller or a Collector, shall be revocable at will, and no such delegation shall prevent the exercise of any power by the Comptroller or a Collector.

(8) Any such delegation shall, until revoked, continue in force according to its tenor, notwithstanding the fact that the Comptroller or Collector by whom it was made has ceased to hold office, and shall continue to have effect as if made by the successor in office of that Comptroller or Collector.

Cf. 1966, No. 19, s. 9; 1983, No. 41, s. 3

146. Protection of persons acting under authority of Act-

Neither the Crown nor the Comptroller nor any Collector nor any officer of Customs shall be liable for any loss or damage occasioned by anything done or omitted to be done or purporting to have been done in the exercise of any power, duty, or function under this Part of this Act or any regulations made under this Act for the purposes of this Part of this Act, unless the Comptroller or any Collector or any officer of Customs has not acted in good faith.

Cf. 1966, No. 19, s. 228A; 1971, No. 42, s. 10

PART VIII
Copyright Licensing

147. Works of more than one author-

(1) References in this Part of this Act to licences or licensing schemes covering works of more than one author do not include licences or licensing schemes covering only-

(a) A single collective work or collective works of which the authors are the same; or

(b) Works made by or by employees of, or commissioned by, a single individual, firm, company, or group of companies.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) of this section, a group of companies means a holding company and its subsidiaries within the meaning of sections 158 and 158A of the Companies Act 1955 or sections 5 and 6 of the Companies Act 1993, as the case may be.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 116 (4) (U.K.)

References and Applications with respect to Licensing Schemes

148. Licensing schemes to which sections 149 to 155 apply-

Sections 149 to 155 of this Act apply to-

(a) Licensing schemes that-

(i) Are operated by licensing bodies; and

(ii) Relate to copyright in literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works, or films, or film soundtracks when accompanying a film; and

(iii) Cover works of more than one author; and

(iv) Relate to licences for copying the work or performing, showing, or playing the work in public or broadcasting the work or including the work in a cable programme:

(b) All licensing schemes in relation to copyright in sound recordings (other than film sound-tracks when accompanying a film), broadcasts, or cable programmes, or the typographical arrangement of published editions:

(i) Relate to copyright in computer programs, sound recordings, or films; and

(ii) Relate to licences for the rental of copies of works of those descriptions to the public:

(d) All licensing schemes that authorise-

(i) Copying of literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works or the typographical arrangements of published editions by or on behalf of educational establishments; or

(ii) Copying in the circumstances set out in section 45 (4) of this Act; or

(iii) Recording in the circumstances set out in sections 48 (1) and 91 (2) of this Act; or

(iv) The inclusion in a cable programme service of a broadcast made from a place in New Zealand by reception and immediate retransmission;-

and in those sections the term "licensing scheme" means a licensing scheme of any of those descriptions.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 117 (U.K.)

References with respect to Licensing Schemes

149. Reference of proposed licensing scheme to Tribunal-

(1) The terms of a licensing scheme that-

(a) Is proposed to be operated by a licensing body; and

(b) Is proposed to apply generally or in relation to any description of cases-

may be referred to the Tribunal by-

(d) An organisation claiming to be representative of persons claiming that they require licences in cases of a description to which the scheme would apply.

(2) The Tribunal shall first decide whether to entertain the reference and may decline to do so on the ground that the reference is premature.

(3) If the Tribunal decides to entertain the reference, it shall consider the matter referred and make such order, either confirming or varying the proposed scheme, either generally or so far as it relates to cases of the description to which the reference relates, as the Tribunal may determine to be reasonable in the circumstances.

(4) The order may be made so as to be in force indefinitely or for such period as the Tribunal may determine.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 118 (U.K.)

150. Reference of licensing scheme to Tribunal-

(1) If, while a licensing scheme is in operation, a dispute arises between the operator of the scheme and-

(a) A person claiming that he or she requires a licence in a case of a description to which the scheme applies; or

(b) An organisation claiming to be representative of such persons,-

the operator or that person or organisation may refer the scheme, in so far as it relates to cases of that description, to the Tribunal.

(2) A scheme that has been referred to the Tribunal under this section shall remain in operation until proceedings on the reference are concluded.

(3) The Tribunal shall consider the matter in dispute and make such order, either confirming or varying the scheme so far as it relates to cases of the description to which the reference relates, as the Tribunal may determine to be reasonable in the circumstances.

(4) The order may be made so as to be in force indefinitely or for such period as the Tribunal may determine.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 119 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 39 (1), (3)-(5) (a)

151. Further reference of scheme to Tribunal-

(1) Where the Tribunal has on a previous reference of a licensing scheme (whether under this section or section 149 or section 150 of this Act), made an order with respect to the scheme, then, subject to subsection (2) of this section, while the order remains in force,-

(a) The operator of the scheme; or

(b) A person claiming that he or she requires a licence in a case of the description to which the order applies; or

may again refer the scheme, so far as it relates to cases of that description, to the Tribunal.

(2) Except with the special leave of the Tribunal, a licensing scheme shall not be referred again to the Tribunal under subsection (1) of this section in respect of the same description of cases at a time earlier than-

(a) The end of the period of 12 months from the date of the order on the previous reference; or

(b) If the order was made so as to be in force for 15 months or less, the beginning of the period of 3 months immediately before the expiry of the order,-

whichever occurs first.

(3) A scheme that has been referred to the Tribunal under this section shall remain in operation until proceedings on the reference are concluded.

(4) The Tribunal shall consider the matter in dispute and make such order, either confirming, varying, or further varying the scheme so far as it relates to cases of the description to which the reference relates, as the Tribunal may determine to be reasonable in the circumstances.

(5) The order may be made so as to be in force indefinitely or for such period as the Tribunal may determine.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 120 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 40

152. Effect of order of Tribunal made on reference-

(1) A licensing scheme that has been confirmed or varied by an order of the Tribunal made under section 149 or section 150 or section 151 of this Act shall be in force or, as the case may be, remain in operation so far as it relates to cases of the description in respect of which the order was made, so long as the order remains in force.

(2) While an order is in force, a person who, in a case of a class to which the order applies,-

(a) Pays to the operator of the scheme any charges payable under the scheme in respect of a licence covering the case in question or, if the amount cannot be ascertained, gives an undertaking to the operator to pay the charges when ascertained; and

(b) Complies with the other terms applicable to such a licence under the scheme-

shall be in the same position as regards infringement of copyright as if that person had at all material times been the holder of a licence granted by the owner of the copyright in question accordance with the scheme.

(3) The Tribunal may direct that the order, so far as it varies the amount of charges payable, has effect from a date before that on which the order is made, but not earlier than the date on which the reference was made or, if later, on which the scheme came into operation.

(4) If such a direction is made,-

(a) Any necessary repayments, or further payments, shall be made in respect of charges already paid; and

(b) The reference in subsection (2) (a) of this section to the charges payable under the scheme shall be construed as a reference to the charges so payable under the order.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 123 (1)-(3) (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, ss. 39 (5) (b), 45 (1)-(3)

Applications with respect to Licensing Schemes

153. Application for grant of licence in connection with licensing scheme-

(1) A person who claims, in a case covered by a licensing scheme, that the operator of the scheme has refused to grant to that person or procure the grant to that person of a licence in accordance with the scheme, or has failed to do so within a reasonable time after being asked, may apply to the Tribunal for a licence.

(2) A person who claims, in a case excluded from a licensing scheme,-

(a) That the operator of the scheme has refused to grant to that person or procure the grant to that person of a licence, or has failed to do so within a reasonable time of being asked, and that in the circumstances it is unreasonable that a licence should not be granted, or

(b) That the operator of the scheme proposes terms for a licence that are unreasonable-

may apply to the Tribunal.

(3) A case shall be regarded as excluded from a licensing scheme for the purposes of subsection (2) of this section if-

(a) The scheme provides for the grant of licences subject to terms excepting matters from the licence and the case falls within such an exception; or

(b) The case is so similar to those in which licences are granted under the scheme that it is unreasonable that it should not be dealt with in the same way.

(4) If the Tribunal is satisfied that the claim is well-founded, it shall make an order declaring that, in respect of the matters specified in the order, the applicant is entitled to a licence on such terms as the Tribunal may determine to be applicable in accordance with the scheme or, as the case may be, to be reasonable in the circumstances.

(5) The order may be made so as to be in force indefinitely or for such period as the Tribunal may determine.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 121 (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, ss. 36 (3), 38 (1)-(4)

154. Application for review of order as to entitlement to licence-

(1) Where the Tribunal has made an order under section 153 of this Act that a person is entitled to a licence under a licensing scheme, the operator of the scheme or the original applicant may from time to time apply to the Tribunal to review the order.

(2) Except with the special leave of the Tribunal, an application shall not be made under subsection (1) of this section at a time earlier than-

(a) The end of the period of 12 months from the date of the order, or of the decision on a previous application under this section; or

(b) If the order was made so as to be in force for 15 months or less, or as a result of the decision on a previous application under this section is due to expire within 15 months of that decision, the beginning of the period of 3 months immediately before the expiry date,-

whichever occurs first.

(3) The Tribunal shall on an application for review under this section confirm or vary its order as the Tribunal may determine to be reasonable having regard to the terms applicable in accordance with the licensing scheme or, as the case may be, the circumstances of the case.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 122 (U.K.)

155. Effect of order of Tribunal made on application-

Where the Tribunal has made an order under section 153 of this Act and the order remains in force, the person in whose favour the order is made shall, if that person-

(a) Pays to the operator of the scheme any charges payable in accordance with the order or, if the amount cannot be ascertained, gives an undertaking to pay the charges when ascertained; and

(b) Complies with the other terms specified in the order, be in the same position as regards infringement of copyright as if that person had at all material times been the holder of a licence granted by the owner of the copyright in question on the terms specified in the order.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 123 (5) (U.K.); 1962, No. 33, s. 45 (1)-(3)

References and Applications with respect
to Licensing by Licensing Bodies

156. Licences to which sections 157 to 160 apply-

Sections 157 to 160 of this Act apply to the following descriptions of licences granted by a licensing body otherwise than under a licensing scheme:

(a) Licences that-

(i) Relate to copyright in literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works, or films, or film sound-tracks when accompanying a film; and

(ii) Cover works of more than one author; and

(iii) Authorise the copying of the work or the performance, showing, or playing of the work in public or the broadcasting of the work or the inclusion of the work in a cable programme:

(b) Any licence relating to copyright in a sound recording (other than a film sound-track when accompanying a film), broadcast, or cable programme, or the typographical arrangement of a published edition:

(c) All licences relating to copyright in computer programs, sound recordings, or films, so far as the licences relate to the rental of copies to the public:

(d) Licences that authorise the copying of literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works or the typographical arrangements of published editions by or on behalf of educational establishments;-

and in those sections the term "licence" means a licence of any of those descriptions.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 124 (U.K.)

157. Reference to Tribunal of proposed licence-

(1) The terms on which a licensing body proposes to grant a licence may be referred to the Tribunal by the licensing body or the prospective licensee.

(2) The Tribunal shall first decide whether to entertain the reference, and may decline to do so on the ground that the reference is premature.

(3) If the Tribunal decides to entertain the reference, it shall consider the terms of the proposed licence and make such order, either confirming or varying the terms, as it may determine to be reasonable in the circumstances.

(4) The order may be made so as to be in force indefinitely or for such period as the Tribunal may determine.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 125 (U.K.)

158. Reference to Tribunal of expiring licence-

(1) A licensee under a licence that is due to expire, either by effluxion of time or as a result of notice given by the licensing body, may refer the licence to the Tribunal on the ground that it is unreasonable in the circumstances that the licence should cease to be in force.

(2) Such a reference may not be made earlier than the beginning of the period of 3 months immediately before the licence is due to expire.

(3) A licence in respect of which a reference has been made to the Tribunal under this section shall remain in operation until proceedings on the reference are concluded.

(4) If the Tribunal finds the reference well-founded, it shall make an order declaring that the licensee shall continue to be entitled to the benefit of the licence on such terms as the Tribunal may determine to be reasonable in the circumstances.

(5) An order of the Tribunal under this section may be made so as to be in force indefinitely or for such period as the Tribunal may determine.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 126 (U.K.)

159. Application for review of order as to licence-

(1) Where the Tribunal has made an order under section 157 or section 158 of this Act, the licensing body or the person entitled to the benefit of the order may apply to the Tribunal to review the order.

(2) Except with the special leave of the Tribunal, an application shall not be made under subsection (1) of this section at a time earlier than-

(a) The end of the period of 12 months from the date of the order or of the decision on a previous application under this section; or

whichever occurs first.

(3) The Tribunal shall on an application for review under this section confirm or vary its order as the Tribunal may determine to be reasonable in the circumstances.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 127 (U.K.)

160. Effect of order of Tribunal as to licence-

(1) Where the Tribunal has made an order under section 157 or section 158 of this Act and the order remains in force, the person entitled to the benefit of the order shall, if that person-

(a) Pays to the licensing body any charges payable in accordance with the order or, if the amount cannot be ascertained, gives an undertaking to pay the charges when ascertained; and

(b) Complies with the other terms specified in the order,-

be in the same position as regards infringement of copyright as if that person had at all material times been the holder of a licence granted by the owner of the copyright in question on the terms specified in the order.

(2) The benefit of the order may be assigned,-

(a) In the case of an order made under section 157 of this Act, if assignment is not prohibited under the terms of the Tribunal's order; and

(b) In the case of an order made under section 158 of this Act, if assignment was not prohibited under the terms of the original licence.

(3) The Tribunal may direct that an order made under section 157 or section 158 of this Act, or an order made under section 159 of this Act varying such an order, so far as it varies the amount of charges payable, has effect from a date before that on which the order is made, but not earlier than the date on which the reference or application was made or, if later, on which the licence was granted or, as the case may be, was due to expire.

(4) If such a direction is made,-

(a) Any necessary repayments, or further payments, shall be made in respect of charges already paid; and

(b) The reference in subsection (1) (a) of this section to the charges payable in accordance with the order shall be construed, where the order is varied by a later order, as a reference to the charges so payable under the later order.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 128 (U.K.)

Factors to be Taken into Account in Certain Classes of Cases

161. Unreasonable discrimination-

In determining what is reasonable on a reference or application under this Part of this Act relating to a licensing scheme or licence, the Tribunal shall have regard to-

(a) The availability of other schemes, or the granting of other licences, to other persons in similar circumstances; and

(b) The terms of those schemes or licences;-

and shall exercise its powers so as to ensure that there is no unreasonable discrimination between licensees, or prospective licensees, under the scheme or licence to which the reference or application relates and licensees under other schemes operated by, or other licences granted by, the same person.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 129 (U.K.)

162. Licences for reprographic copying-

Where a reference or application is made under this Part of this Act relating to the licensing of reprographic copying of published literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works, or the typographical arrangements of published editions, the Tribunal shall have regard to-

(a) The extent to which published editions of the works in question are otherwise available; and

(b) The proportion of the work to be copied; and

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 130 (U.K.)

163. Licences for educational establishments in respect of works included in broadcasts or cable programmes-

(1) This section applies to references or applications may under this Part of this Act in relation to licences for-

(a) The recording, by or on behalf of educational establishments, of broadcasts or cable programmes that include copyright works; or

(b) The making of copies of such recordings,-

for educational purposes.

(2) Where this section applies, the Tribunal shall, in considering what charges (if any) should be paid for a licence, have regard to the extent to which the owners of copyright in the works included in the broadcast or cable programme have already received, or are entitled to receive, payment in respect of their inclusion.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 131 (U.K.)

164. Licences to reflect conditions imposed by promoters of events-

(1) Where a reference or application is made under this Part of this Act in respect of a licence relating to a sound recording, film, broadcast, or cable programme that includes, or is to include, any entertainment or other event, the Tribunal-

(a) Shall have regard to any conditions imposed by the promoters of the entertainment or other event; and

(b) Shall not hold a refusal or failure to grant a licence to be unreasonable if the licence could not have been granted consistently with any such conditions.

(2) Nothing in this section shall require the Tribunal to have regard to any such conditions in so far as they-

(a) Purport to regulate the charges to be imposed in respect of the grant of licences; or

(b) Relate to payments to be made to the promoters of any entertainment or other event in consideration of the grant of facilities for making the recording, film, broadcast, or cable programme.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 132 (U.K.)

165. Licences to reflect payments in respect of underlying rights-

(1) In considering what charges (if any) should be paid for a licence on a reference or application made under this Part of this Act in relation to licences for the rental to the public of copies of computer programs, sound recordings, or films, the Tribunal shall take into account any reasonable payments that the owner of copyright in the computer program, sound recording, or film is liable to make, in consequence of the granting of the licence or of the acts authorised by the license, to owners of copyright in works included in the program, recording, or film.

(2) On any reference or application made under this Part of this Act in relation to licensing in respect of copyright in sound recordings, films, broadcasts, or cable programmes, the Tribunal shall take into account, in considering what charges (if any) should be paid for a license, any reasonable payments that the copyright owner is liable to make, in consequence of the granting of the licence or of the acts authorised by the licence, in respect of any performance included in the recording, film, broadcast, or cable programme.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 133 (U.K.)

166. Licences in respect of works included in retransmissions-

(1) This section applies to references or applications made under this Part of this Act in relation to licences to include in a broadcast or cable programme-

(a) Literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works; or

(b) Sound recordings or films,

where one broadcast or cable programme (in this section referred to as "the first transmission") is, by reception and immediate retransmission, to be further broadcast or included in a cable programme (in this section referred to as "the further transmission").

(2) So far as the further transmission is to the same area as the first transmission, the Tribunal shall, in considering what charges (if any) should be paid for licences for either transmission, have regard to the extent to which the copyright owner has already received, or is entitled to receive, payment for the other transmission that adequately remunerates the copyright owner in respect of transmissions to that area.

(3) So far as the further transmission is to an area outside that to which the first transmission is made, the Tribunal shall not take the further transmission into account in considering what charges (if any) should be paid for licences for the first transmission.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 134 (U.K.)

Implied Indemnity in Schemes or Licences
for Reprographic Copying

167. Implied indemnity in certain schemes and licences for reprographic copying-

(1) This section applies to-

(a) Schemes for licensing reprographic copying of published literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works, or the typographical arrangements of published editions; and

(b) Licences granted by licensing bodies for such copying,-

where the scheme or licence does not specify the works to which it applies with such particularity as to enable licensees to determine whether a work falls within the scheme or licence by inspection of the scheme or licence and the work.

(2) There is implied-

(a) In every scheme to which this section applies an undertaking by the operator of the scheme to indemnify a person granted a licence under the scheme; and

(b) In every licence to which this section applies an undertaking by the licensing body to indemnify the licensee-

against any liability incurred by the licensee by reason of the licensee having infringed copyright by making or authorising the making of reprographic copies of a work in circumstances within the apparent scope of the licence.

(3) For the purposes of this section, the circumstances of a case are within the apparent scope of a licence if-

(a) It is not apparent from inspection of the licence and the work in question that the work does not fall within the description of works to which the licence applies; and

(b) The licence does not expressly provide that it does not extend to copyright of the description infringed.

(4) In this section, the term "liability" includes liability to pay costs; and this section applies in relation to costs reasonably incurred by a licensee in connection with actual or contemplated proceedings against the licensee for infringement of copyright and to sums that the licensee is liable to pay in respect of such infringement.

(5) A scheme or licence to which this section applies may contain reasonable provision-

(a) With respect to the manner in which, and time within which, claims under the undertaking implied by this section are to be made:

(b) Enabling the operator of the scheme or, as the case may be, the licensing body to take over the conduct of any proceedings affecting the amount of the operator's or, as the case may be, the licensing body's liability to indemnify under such an undertaking.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 136 (U.K.)

168. Determination of equitable remuneration-

(1) Where-

(a) A copyright owner and a librarian cannot agree as to the remuneration to be paid to the copyright owner under section 54 (2) (d) of this Act; or

(b) A copyright owner and the Crown cannot agree as to the remuneration to be paid to the copyright owner under section 63 (2) of this Act; or

(c) An exclusive licensee and the Crown cannot agree as to the remuneration to be paid to the exclusive licensee under section 64 (2) of this Act; or

(d) A licensee and the copyright owner or the exclusive licensee, as the case may be, cannot agree on the part of the payment to be paid to the licensee under section 64 (3) of this Act; or

(e) A copyright owner and a person who makes a recording of a broadcast or cable programme cannot agree as to the remuneration to be paid to the copyright owner under section 91 (2) (d) of this Act,-

either party may apply to the Tribunal to determine the remuneration to be paid.

(2) The Tribunal shall consider the matter and make such order as it may determine to be reasonable in the circumstances.

(3) Either party to an order made under this section may apply to the Tribunal to review its order.

(4) Except with the special leave of the Tribunal, an application under subsection (3) of this section shall not be made earlier than the end of the period of 12 months from the date of the original order or of the order on a previous application under that subsection.

(5) The Tribunal shall on an application for review under this section confirm or vary its original order as the Tribunal may determine to be reasonable in the circumstances of the case.

(6) An order under subsection (5) of this section has effect from the date on which it is made or such later date as may be specified by the Tribunal.

PART IX
Performers' Rights

169. Interpretations-

In this Part of this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-

"Commercial exploitation" means-

(a) Issuing recordings or copies of recordings to the public; or

(b) Playing recordings or copies of recordings in public; or

(d) Broadcasting recordings or copies of recordings, or including recordings or copies of recordings in a cable programme service:

"Convention country" means a country that is a party to a convention or other international instrument relating to performers' rights to which New Zealand is also a party:

"Copy", in relation to a recording,-

(a) Means a copy of a recording made directly from that recording; and

(b) Includes a copy of a recording made indirectly from that recording:

"Exclusive recording contract" means a contract between a performer and another person under which that person is entitled, to the exclusion of all other persons (including the performer), to make recordings or copies of recordings for the purposes of commercial exploitation:

"Illicit recording"-

(a) Means a recording of the whole or any substantial part of a performance made without the performer's consent and otherwise than for private and domestic use; and

(b) Includes a copy, made without the performer's consent and otherwise than for private and domestic use, of a recording where-

(i) The recording was made without the performer's consent; or

(ii) The copy is made for purposes different from those for which the performer gave his or her consent to the recording; or

(iii) The recording was made in accordance with any of the exemptions contained in sections 175 to 179 or sections 181 to 191 of this Act, and the copy is made for different purposes:

"Performance"-

(a) Means-

(i) A dramatic performance, including a dance, a mime, and a performance given with the use of puppets; or

(ii) A musical performance; or

(iii) A reading or recitation of a literary work; or

(iv) A performance of a variety act or any similar presentation,-

being in each case either-

(v) A live performance given in any country by a New Zealand citizen or a person domiciled or resident in New Zealand, or by a citizen or subject of or a person domiciled or resident in a Convention country; or

(vi) A live performance given in New Zealand or a Convention country; or

(vii) A performance to which this Part of this Act applies pursuant to section 170 (2) or section 203 of this Act or pursuant to an Order in Council made under section 204 of this Act; but

(b) Does not include-

(i) A performance referred to in section 47 (1) of this Act; or

(ii) A reading, recital, or delivery of any item of news and information; or

(iii) A performance of a sporting activity; or

(iv) Participation in a performance as a member of an audience:

"Person having recording rights" includes-

(a) Any person who is a party to, and has the benefit of, an exclusive recording contract to which the performance is subject; or

(b) Any person to whom the benefit of an exclusive recording contract has been assigned; or

(c) Any person who is authorised to make recordings or copies of recordings for the purposes of commercial exploitation by a person to whom paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this definition applies:

"Recording", in relation to a performance, means a sound recording or film-

(a) Made directly from the performance; or

(b) Made from a broadcast of, or a cable programme that includes, the performance.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 180 (2) (U.K.); Copyright Act 1968, s. 248a (2) (Aust.)

170. Application-

(1) This Part of this Act applies to any act done on or after the commencement of this Act in relation to a performance given on or after that commencement.

(2) Notwithstanding subsection (1) of this section, where the performance was given-

(a) In New Zealand; or

(b) In a Convention country in respect of which section 203 of this Act applies this Part of this Act; or

(d) In any country by a New Zealand citizen or a person domiciled or resident in New Zealand, or by a citizen or subject of or a person domiciled or resident in a Convention country,-

this Part of this Act also applies in relation to a performance given before the commencement of this Act if-

(e) A period of not more than 50 years has elapsed from the end of the calendar year in which the performance was given; or

(f) In the case of a performance given in a Convention country, or in another country by a citizen or subject of or a person domiciled or resident in a Convention country, any term of protection given to that performance in the Convention country has not already expired.

(3) Notwithstanding that, by virtue of subsection (2) of this section, this Part of this Act applies to a performance given before the commencement of this Act, nothing in this Part of this Act applies to-

(a) Any act done, in relation to that performance, before the commencement of this Act or in pursuance of arrangements made before the commencement of this Act; or

(b) The sale, letting for hire, or offer or exposure for sale or hire, after the commencement of this Act, of any recording or copy of a recording in existence in New Zealand immediately before the commencement of this Act.

(4) The rights conferred by this Part of this Act are independent of-

(a) Any copyright in, or moral rights relating to, any work performed or any sound recording or film of, or broadcast or cable programme that includes, the performance; and

(b) Any other right or obligation arising otherwise than under this Part of this Act.

(5) The rights conferred by this Part of this Act on a performer are conferred only in relation to performances by that performer, whether alone or with others.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 180 (3), (4) (U.K.)

Performers, Rights

171. Consent required for recording or live transmission of performance-

(1) A performer's rights are infringed by a person who, without the performer's consent,-

(a) Makes, otherwise than for his or her private and domestic use, a recording of the whole or any substantial part of a performance; or

(b) Broadcasts live, or includes live in a cable programme, the whole or any substantial part of a performance.

(2) In proceedings for infringement of a performer's rights brought under this section, damages shall not be awarded against a defendant who shows that at the time of the infringement the defendant believed on reasonable grounds that the performer's consent had been given.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 182 (U.K.)

172. Infringement by use of illicit recording-

A performer's rights are infringed by a person who, without the performer's consent,-

(a) Shows in public or plays in public the whole or any substantial part of a performance; or

(b) Broadcasts or includes in a cable programme the whole or any substantial part of a performance-

by means of a recording that is, and that the person knows or has reason to believe is, an illicit recording.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 183 (U.K.)

173. Copying of recordings-

(1) A performer's rights are infringed by a person who, without the performer's consent and otherwise than for that person's private and domestic use, copies a recording if the person knows or has reason to believe that the recording was made without the performer's consent.

(3) A performer's rights are infringed by a person who, without the performer's consent and otherwise than for that person's private and domestic use, copies a recording-

(a) If the copy is made for purposes different from those for which the performer gave his or her consent to the recording; or

(b) If the recording was made in accordance with any of the exemptions contained in any of sections 175 to 179 or sections 181 to 191 of this Act and the copy is made for different purposes.

(4) In proceedings for infringement of a performer's rights brought under this section, damages shall not be awarded against a defendant who shows that at the time of the infringement the defendant believed on reasonable grounds that the performer's consent to the copying of the recording had been given.

174. Infringement by importing, possessing, or dealing with illicit recording-

(1) A performer's rights are infringed by a person who, without the performer's consent,-

(a) Imports into New Zealand otherwise than for that person's private and domestic use; or

(b) In the course of a business, possesses, sells, lets for hire, offers or exposes for sale or hire, or distributes-

a recording that is, and that the person knows or has reason to believe is, an illicit recording.

(2) Where, in proceedings for infringement of a performer's rights brought under this section, a defendant shows that the recording was innocently acquired by the defendant or a predecessor in title of the defendant, the only remedy available against the defendant in respect of the infringement is damages not exceeding a reasonable payment in respect of the act complained of.

(3) In subsection (2) of this section, the term "innocently acquired" means that the person acquiring the recording did not know, and had no reason to believe, that it was an illicit recording.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s. 184 (U.K.)

Acts Permitted in relation to Performances

175. Incidental copying of performance or recording-

(1) The rights conferred by this Part of this Act are not infringed by-

(a) The incidental copying of a performance or recording in a sound recording, film, broadcast, or cable programme; or

(b) The playing of a sound recording, the showing of a film, the making of a broadcast, or the inclusion of a cable programme in a cable programme service, where the performance or recording has been incidentally copied in that sound recording, film, broadcast, or programme; or

(2) For the purposes of this section, a performance or recording, so far as it consists of-

(a) Music; or

(b) Words spoken or sung with music,-

shall not be regarded as incidentally copied in another work if the performance or recording is deliberately copied.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Schedule 2, para. 3 (U.K.)

176. Permitted acts in relation to performances, criticism, reviews, and news reporting-

Fair dealing with a performance or recording-

(a) For the purposes of criticism or review, of that or another performance or recording, or of a work; or

(b) For the purposes of reporting current events does not infringe any of the rights conferred by this Part of this Act.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Schedule 2, para. 2 (U.K.)

177. Things done for purposes of instruction or examination-

(1) The rights conferred by this Part of this Act are not infringed by the copying of a recording of a performance if-

(a) The copying is done-

(i) In the course of preparation for instruction; or

(ii) For use in the course of instruction; or

(iii) In the course of instruction; or

(iv) After the course of instruction-

where the lesson is on how to make films or film sound-tracks or relates to the learning of a language or is conducted by correspondence; and

(b) The copying is done by or on behalf of a person who is to give, is giving, or has given the lesson or by or on behalf of a person who is to receive, is receiving, or has received the lesson; and

(c) No charge is made for the supply of a copy to any student or other person who is to receive, is receiving, or has received the lesson.

(2) The rights conferred by this Part of this Act are not infringed-

(a) By the copying of a recording of a performance for the purposes of setting or answering the questions in an examination; or

(b) By anything done for the purposes of an examination by way of communicating the questions to the candidates.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Schedule 2, para. 4 (1), (2) (U.K.)

178. Playing or showing sound recording, film, broadcast, or cable programme at educational establishment-

(1) The playing or showing of a sound recording, film, broadcast, or cable programme at an educational establishment for the purposes of instruction before an audience consisting of persons who are students or staff members at the establishment or persons directly connected with the activities of the establishment does not infringe any of the rights conferred by this Part of this Act.

(2) For the purposes of this section, a person shall not be treated as a person directly connected with the activities of an educational establishment by reason only that the person is a parent or guardian of a student at that educational establishment.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Schedule 2, para. 5 (U.K.)

179. Recording of broadcasts and cable programmes by educational establishments-

A recording of a broadcast or cable programme, or a copy of such a recording, may be made by or on behalf of an educational establishment for the educational purposes of that establishment without infringing any of the rights conferred by this Part of this Act in relation to any performance or recording included in the recording or copy.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Schedule 2, para 6 (1) (U.K.)

180. Subsequent dealings-

(1) Where a recording, or a copy of a recording, that would otherwise be an illicit recording-

(a) Is made in accordance with section 177 or section 179 of this Act; and

(b) Is subsequently dealt with,-

it shall be treated as an illicit recording-

(c) For the purposes of the dealing referred to in paragraph (b) of this subsection, unless that dealing is authorised by the performer; and

(d) For the purposes of any dealing that is subsequent to the dealing referred to in paragraph (b) of this subsection, unless the first-mentioned dealing is authorised by the performer.

(2) In subsection (1) of this section, the term "dealt with" means sold or let for hire, or offered or exposed for sale or hire, in the course of a business.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Schedule 2, paras. 4 (3), 6 (2) (U.K.)

181. Parliamentary and judicial proceedings-

The rights conferred by this Part of this Act are not infringed by anything done for the purposes of parliamentary or judicial proceedings or for the purposes of reporting such proceedings.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Schedule 2, para. 8 (U.K.)

182. Royal commissions and statutory inquiries-

The rights conferred by this Part of this Act are not infringed by anything done for the purposes of a Royal commission, a commission of inquiry, a ministerial inquiry, or a statutory inquiry.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Schedule 2, para. 9 (U.K.)

183. Acts done under statutory authority-

(1) Where the doing of a particular act is specifically authorised by an enactment, the doing of that act does not infringe the rights conferred by this Part of this Act unless the enactment provides otherwise.

(2) Nothing in this section shall be construed as excluding any defence of statutory authority otherwise available under or pursuant to any enactment.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Schedule 2, para. 11 (U.K.)

184. Use of recordings of spoken works in certain cases-

(1) Where a recording of the reading or recitation of a literary work is made-

(a) For the purpose of reporting current events; or

(b) For the purpose of broadcasting, or including in a cable programme, the whole or part of the reading or recitation,-

it is not an infringement of the rights conferred by this Part of this Act to use the recording (or to copy the recording and use the copy) for that purpose, if the conditions contained in subsection (2) of this section are complied with.

(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) of this section are that-

(a) The recording is a direct recording of the reading or recitation and is not taken from a previous recording or from a broadcast or cable programme; and

(b) The making of the recording was not prohibited by or on behalf of the person giving the reading or recitation; and

(c) The use made of the recording is not of a kind prohibited by or on behalf of that person before the recording was made; and

(d) The use is by or with the authority of a person who is lawfully in possession of the recording.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Schedule 2, para. 13 (U.K.)

185. Recordings of folk-songs-

(1) A recording of a performance of a song may be made for the purpose of including the song in an archive maintained by a body prescribed by regulations made under this Act without infringing any of the rights conferred by this Part of this Act, if the conditions in subsection (2) of this section are complied with.

(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) of this section are that-

(a) The words are unpublished and of unknown authorship at the time the recording is made; and

(b) The making of the recording does not infringe any copyright; and

(3) Copies of a recording made in reliance on subsection (1) of this section and included in an archive maintained by a body prescribed by regulations made under this Act may, if the condition contained in subsection (4) of this section is complied with, be made and supplied by the archivist without infringing any of the rights conferred by this Part of this Act.

(4) The condition referred to in subsection (3) of this section is that no person is furnished with more than one copy of the same recording.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Schedule 2, para. 14 (U.K.)

186. Playing of sound recordings for purposes of club, society, etc.-

(1) It is not an infringement of any right conferred by this Part of this Act to play a sound recording as part of the activities of, or for the benefit of, a club, society, or other organisation, if the conditions contained in subsection (2) of this section are complied with.

(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) of this section are-

(a) That the club, society, or organisation is not established or conducted for profit; and

(b) That the main objects of the club, society, or organisation are charitable or are otherwise concerned with the advancement of religion, education, or social welfare; and

(c) That the proceeds of any charge for admission to the place where the recording is to be heard are applied solely for the purposes of the club, society, or organisation.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Schedule 2, para. 15 (U.K.)

187. Incidental recording for purposes of broadcast or cable programme-

(1) A person who proposes to-

(a) Broadcast a recording of a performance; or

(b) Include a recording of a performance in a cable programme,-

in circumstances not infringing the rights conferred by this Part of this Act, shall be treated as having obtained consent for the purposes of this Part of this Act to the making of a recording for the purposes of the broadcast or cable programme.

(2) The consent referred to in subsection (1) of this section is subject to the conditions that the recording-

(a) Shall not be used for any other purpose; and

(b) Shall be destroyed within 6 months of being first used for broadcasting the performance or, as the case may be, including the performance in a cable programme, unless the Minister has authorised the preservation of the recording in the records of a government department or in the National Archives because of its documentary character or exceptional importance.

(3) A recording made in accordance with this section shall be treated as an illicit recording-

(a) For the purposes of any use in breach of the condition contained in subsection (2) (a) of this section; and

(b) For all purposes after either of the conditions contained in subsection (2) of this section is broken.

Cf. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Schedule 2, para. 16 (U.K.)

188. Free public playing or showing of broadcast or cable programme-

(a) The broadcast or cable programme; or

(b) Any sound recording or film that is played in public or shown in public by reception of the broadcast or cable programme.